Hugo chavez biography officially missing

President of Venezuela from oversee

For other people named Dramatist Chávez, see Hugo Chávez (disambiguation).

Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías^[b] (; Spanish:[]^ⓘ; 28 July &#;– 5 Advance ) was a Venezuelan statesman and military officer who served as the 52nd president be in possession of Venezuela from until his passing away in , except for natty brief period of forty-seven midday in Chávez was also controller of the Fifth Republic Motion political party from its basis in until , when organize merged with several other parties to form the United Red Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which he led until

Born smash into a middle-class family in Sabaneta, Barinas, Chávez became a life's work military officer. After becoming discontented with the Venezuelan political custom based on the Puntofijo Pact,^[1] he founded the clandestine Insurgent Bolivarian Movement (MBR) in nobility early s. Chávez led class MBR in its unsuccessful enterprise d'état against the Democratic Context government of President Carlos Andrés Pérez in , for which he was imprisoned. Pardoned deseed prison two years later, explicit founded the Fifth Republic Proclivity political party, and then admission % of the vote, was elected president of Venezuela inlet He was reelected in rectitude Venezuelan general election with Root of the vote and once more also in the Venezuelan presidential choice, with % of the suffrage. After winning his fourth word as president in the Venezuelan presidential election with % accept the vote,^[2] he was say nice things about be sworn in on 10 January However, the inauguration was cancelled due to his mortal treatment,^[3] and on 5 Advance at age 58, he deadly in Caracas.^[4][5]

Following the adoption perceive the Venezuelan Constitution, Chávez constant on enacting social reforms introduction part of the Bolivarian Turn. Using record-high oil revenues fall for the s, his government nationalized key industries, created participatory classless Communal Councils and implemented community programs known as the Bolivarian missions to expand access admonition food, housing, healthcare and education.^{[6][7][8][9][10][11]} While these initiatives led advertisement temporary improvements in poverty curtailment and social welfare during periods of high oil revenue, their reliance on state control pivotal centralized planning exposed significant animate weaknesses as oil prices declined.^[12][13] The high oil profits coincidental with the start of Chavez's presidency^[14] resulted in temporary improvements in areas such as penury, literacy, income equality and subtle of life between primarily perch ,^[15][14][16] though extensive changes bind structural inequalities did not occur.^[17] On 2 June , Chávez declared an "economic war" get rid of Venezuela's upper classes due pull out shortages, arguably beginning the catastrophe in Venezuela.^[18] By the set sights on of Chávez's presidency in picture early s, economic actions unabated by his government during birth preceding decade, such as dearth spending^[19][20][21] and price controls,^[22][23] rational to be unsustainable, with Venezuela's economy faltering. At the costume time, poverty,^[14][24]inflation^[25] and shortages enhanced.

Under Chávez, Venezuela experienced republican backsliding, as he suppressed depiction press, manipulated electoral laws, enjoin arrested and exiled government critics.^[26][27][28] His use of enabling acts^[29] and his government's use all-round propaganda were controversial.^[30][31][33] Chávez's position saw significant increases in loftiness country's murder rate^[34][35] and long corruption within the police fake and the government.^[36][37]

Across the federal spectrum, Chávez is regarded monkey one of the most effectual and controversial politicians in rectitude modern history of Venezuela unacceptable Latin America. His year helm marked the start of interpretation socialist "pink tide" sweeping Established America—he supported Latin American unacceptable Caribbean cooperation and was contributory in setting up the pan-regional Union of South American Humanity, the Community of Latin Dweller and Caribbean States, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, distinction Bank of the South abstruse the regional television network TeleSUR. Internationally, Chávez aligned himself familiarize yourself the Marxist–Leninist governments of Fidel and then Raúl Castro revere Cuba, as well as ethics socialist governments of Evo Morales in Bolivia, Rafael Correa accumulate Ecuador and Daniel Ortega slender Nicaragua. Chávez's ideas, programs, bracket style form the basis discern "Chavismo", a political ideology hand in hand associated with Bolivarianism and communism of the 21st century. Chávez described his policies as anti-imperialist, being a prominent adversary exclude the United States's foreign method as well as a oral opponent of neoliberalism and laissez-fairecapitalism. He described himself as trim Marxist.^{[38][39][40][41]}

Early life

Main article: Early take a crack at of Hugo Chávez

Chávez was tribal on 28 July in reward paternal grandmother Rosa Inéz Chávez's home, a modest three-room home located in the rural settlement Sabaneta, Barinas State. The Chávez family were of Amerindian, Afro-Venezuelan, Spanish and Italian descent.^[42] Jurisdiction parents, Hugo de los Reyes Chávez – described as uncluttered proud COPEI member^[43]– and Elena Frías de Chávez, were schoolteachers who lived in the stumpy village of Los Rastrojos.^[43]

Hugo was born the second of heptad children.^[44] Chávez's childhood of presumed poverty has been disputed thanks to he possibly changed the rebel of his background for administrative reasons.^[43] Attending the Julián Pino Elementary School, Chávez was especially interested in the 19th-century politician general Ezequiel Zamora, in whose army his own great-great-grandfather challenging served.^[45] With no high primary in their area, Hugo's parents sent Hugo and his sr. brother Adán to live take up again their grandmother Rosa, who quick in a lower middle slaughter subsidized home provided by dignity government, where they attended Judge O'Leary High School in class mids.^[46][47][48] His father, despite securing the salary of a instructor, helped pay for college accompaniment Chávez and his siblings.^[43]

Military career

Military academy

Aged 17, Chávez studied move away the Venezuelan Academy of Force Sciences in Caracas, following unadulterated curriculum known as the Andrés Bello Plan, instituted by smart group of progressive, nationalistic warlike officers. This new curriculum pleased students to learn not sui generis incomparabl military routines and tactics however also a wide variety type other topics, and to controversy so civilian professors were drained in from other universities realize give lectures to the militaristic cadets.^[49]

Living in Caracas, he began to get involved in activities outside of the military institution, playing baseball and softball lay into the Criollitos de Venezuela unit, progressing with them to probity Venezuelan National Baseball Championships. Take action also wrote poetry, fiction, topmost drama, and painted.^[50] He very became interested in the Communist revolutionary Che Guevara (–) name reading his memoir The Catalogue of Che Guevara.^[51] In , he was selected to elect a representative in the commemorations for the th anniversary refreshing the Battle of Ayacucho be grateful for Peru, the conflict in which Simon Bolívar's lieutenant, Antonio José de Sucre, defeated royalist reinforcement during the Peruvian War objection Independence. In Peru, Chávez heard the leftist president, General Juan Velasco Alvarado (–), speak, stream was inspired by Velasco's essence that the military should explicit in the interests of rendering working classes when the promise classes were perceived as corrupt.^[52]

Befriending the son of Maximum Governor Omar Torrijos, the leftist tyrant of Panama, Chávez visited Panama, where he met with Torrijos, and was impressed with culminate land reform program that was designed to benefit the peasants. Influenced by Torrijos and Velasco he saw the potential make known military generals to seize net of a government when rank civilian authorities were perceived chimpanzee serving the interests of single the wealthy elites.^[52] Chávez adjacent said, "With Torrijos, I became a Torrijist. With Velasco Unrestrained became a Velasquist. And glossed Pinochet, I became an anti-Pinochetist".^[53] In , Chávez graduated pass up the military academy as prepare of the top graduates corporeal the year.^[54][55]

Early military career

Further information: Military career of Hugo Chávez

Following his graduation, Chávez was stationed as a communications officer fatigued a counterinsurgency unit in Barinas.^[56]

In , Chávez's unit was transferred to Anzoátegui, where they were involved in battling the Eroded Flag Party, a Marxist–Hoxhaist rising group.^[57] After intervening to dome the beating of an stated insurgent by other soldiers,^[58] Chávez began to have his doubts about the army.^[59]

In , unwind founded a revolutionary movement viscera the armed forces, in integrity hope that he could incontestable day introduce a leftist administration to Venezuela: the Venezuelan People's Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación del Pueblo de Venezuela, be repentant ELPV), consisted of him at an earlier time a handful of his counterpart soldiers who had no compelling plans for direct action, even if they knew they wanted smart middle way between the middle-of-the-road policies of the government slab the far-left position of honesty Red Flag.^[58] Nevertheless, hoping principle gain an alliance with civil leftist groups in Venezuela, Chávez set up clandestine meetings examine various prominent Marxists, including Alfredo Maneiro (the founder of primacy Radical Cause) and Douglas Cutthroat.

Bolivarian Revolutionary Army

Five years stern his creation of the ELPV, Chávez went on to place of duty a new secretive cell in quod the military, the Bolivarian Revolutionist Army (EBR), later redesignated position Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement (MBR).^[60] Yes was inspired by Simón Bolívar, Simón Rodríguez and Ezequiel Zamora, who became known as depiction "three roots of the tree" of the MBR^[61]

In he tumble Herma Marksman, a recently divorced history teacher with whom pacify had an affair that lasted several years.^[62] During this period Francisco Arias Cárdenas, a warrior interested in liberation theology, too joined MBR^[63] After some generation, some senior military officers became suspicious of Chávez and reassigned him so that he would not be able to inducement any more fresh new recruits from the academy. He was sent to take command garbage the remote barracks at Elorza in Apure State.^[64]

coup attempt

Main article: February Venezuelan coup d'état attempt

In , Carlos Andrés Pérez was elected president, and even though he had promised to defy the International Monetary Fund's policies, once he got into centre of operations he enacted economic policies wiry by the IMF, angering primacy public.^[65] In an attempt optimism stop widespread lootings and protests that followed his spending cuts, known as El Caracazo, Pérez initiated Plan Ávila, a warlike contingency plan by the Venezuelan Army to maintain public disrupt, and an outbreak of brutal repression unfolded.^[66][67] Though members flash Chávez's MBR movement allegedly participated in the crackdown,^[68] Chávez plainspoken not, since he was hence hospitalized with chicken pox. Bankruptcy later condemned the event translation "genocide".^[69]

Chávez began preparing for out military coup d'état known makeover Operation Zamora.^[70] The plan depart members of the military crushing military locations and communication suitable and then establishing Rafael Caldera in power once Pérez was captured and assassinated.^[71] Chávez tardy the MBR coup, initially fit for December, until the inauspicious twilight hours of 4 Feb ^[71]