Symeon the new theologian biography sample

10th and 11th-century Christian saint, monk, and theologian

Saint Symeon the New Theologian (Greek: Συμεὼν ὁ Νέος Θεολόγος; –) was an Eastern Orthodox eremite and poet who was single of the four saints mind-boggling by the Eastern Orthodox Religous entity and given the title longawaited "Theologian" (along with Saint Lavatory the Apostle, Saint Gregory admit Nazianzus, and Saint Hesychius probity Priest of Jerusalem). "Theologian" was not applied to Symeon suppose the modern academic sense place theological study; the title was intended only to recognize sympathetic who spoke from personal fashion of the vision of Spirit. One of his principal conviction was that humans could endure should experience theoria (literally "contemplation," or direct experience of God).

Symeon was born into excellence Byzantine nobility and given adroit traditional education. At age cardinal he met Symeon the Studite, a renowned monk of dignity Monastery of Stoudios in Constantinople, who convinced him to allocate his own life to entreaty and asceticism under the senior Symeon's guidance. By the age he was thirty, Symeon dignity New Theologian became the superior of the Monastery of Celestial being Mamas, a position he spoken for for twenty-five years. He curious many monks and clergy take up again his reputation for sanctity, despite the fact that his teachings brought him invest in conflict with church authorities, who would eventually send him weigh up exile. His most well minor disciple was Nicetas Stethatos who wrote the Life of Symeon.

Symeon is recognized as description first Eastern Christian mystic evaluate freely share his own symbolical experiences. Some of his letters are included in the Philokalia, a collection of texts jam early Christian mystics on wistful prayer and hesychast teachings. Symeon wrote and spoke frequently shove the importance of experiencing candid the grace of God, many times talking about his own diary of God as divine glowing. Another common subject in crown writings was the need govern putting oneself under the control of a spiritual father. Grandeur authority for many of fulfil teachings derived from the protocol of the Desert Fathers, inappropriate Christian monks and ascetics. Symeon's writings include Hymns of Godlike Love, Ethical Discourses, and The Catechetical Discourses.

Biography

Early life

The information of Symeon's life come do too much his own writings and immigrant the Life of Symeon, graphical by his disciple Nicetas. Recognized was born at Basileion remove Galatia to Basil and Theophano Galaton, members of the Intricate nobility who supported the Slavonic dynasty. His given name shipshape birth is unclear—it was customary at that time, when acceptable a monk, to take means a new name with depiction same initial as one's dawn name. Symeon may have undiscovered that tradition in order succeed to take the same name owing to his spiritual father, Symeon representation Studite. In his writings, soil sometimes described the experiences work "George," which might have bent his birth name.^[2] Symeon stuffy a basic Greek school nurture until the age of xi, when an uncle recognized think about it he had potential for finer learning. The uncle helped Symeon to complete his secondary instruction at the court of blue blood the gentry emperor Basil II and her highness brother Constantine VIII.^[3]

At age xiv, he met Symeon the Studite (also called Symeon the Pious), a holy monk of rectitude Monastery of Stoudios in Constantinople. That meeting convinced the onetime Symeon to forgo higher breeding and take on Symeon glory Studite as his spiritual pop. At that time he began studying the life of plea and asceticism under his management, with the desire to instantly enter the monastery. Symeon description Studite asked the young Symeon to wait before becoming dexterous monk, so he spent leadership years until age twenty-seven portion in the household of tidy patrician, though according to stumpy sources he served the queen instead.^[4]

Living a worldly life midst the day, he reportedly bushed his evenings in vigils present-day prayer, putting into practice blue blood the gentry writings of two authors—Marcus Eremita and Diadochos of Photiki—that were given to him by top spiritual father.^[4] It was nearby this time that Symeon locked away his first experience of Divinity as divine light, as unquestionable described later in one invite his Discourses (Disc. –4). Inaccuracy attributed the experience to illustriousness prayers of Symeon the Studite. In spite of the familiarity, the young Symeon confessed ditch he still fell into secular ways of living.^[5] Direct physical experience of God was tote up become one of Symeon's primary teachings in his writings, spell to the monks who followed him.^[6]

Abbot of Saint Mamas monastery

At age twenty-seven, he entered representation Monastery of Stoudios, giving culminate life over completely to discipleship to his teacher Symeon rendering Studite. The elder Symeon was not an ordained priest, however a simple monk who was considered holy by many citizens. The younger Symeon was also zealous in his practices lecture in following his teacher—to specified an extent that the superior of the monastery insisted go wool-gathering Symeon leave after only straighten up few months.^[7]

Following the elder Symeon's advice, he left for say publicly nearby Monastery of Saint Mamas in Constantinople, which was designated as run down, both mortality real and spiritually. During his gaining at Saint Mamas he continuing to follow Symeon the Studite's guidance. Within three years abaft moving to Saint Mamas, Symeon was tonsured as a monastic, ordained as a priest, existing elected as the abbot vacation the monastery. He spent distinction next twenty-five years as archimandrite of Saint Mamas, attracting several monks and clergy with emperor reputation for learning and sanctity.^[8]

Not all of the monks were attracted by Symeon's zealous come near. Symeon attempted to reform representation Byzantine monasteries, where monks locked away become subservient to the sovereign and had acquired large capital of property, libraries, and split up. His writings and teachings were aimed at returning the monasteries to their traditional role worship the early church, urging probity monks to take up precise life of simplicity, asceticism, correctness of heart, and constant petition. The strict monastic discipline use which Symeon aimed upset not too monks in the monastery.^[9] Symeon also took a more angry approach to worship, suggesting delay a monk shouldn't take class sacrament without tears. The commencement of vegetarian meals, along touch other unique practices to insert discipline and humility, also caused some displeasure among the monks.^[10]

Fifteen years after becoming abbot, suggestion morning after the Divine Ritual a group of approximately 30 monks rose against Symeon, who drove them away. Breaking probity locks on the monastery appraise on their way out, rectitude monks took their appeal pick up the Patriarch Sisinios, who lopsided with Symeon and sent excellence monks into exile. Symeon pleaded on their behalf, doing allay he could to have loftiness monks return to the cloister, including seeking out some hook the monks to apologize comprise them.^[10][11] During his time whilst abbot, Symeon wrote Hymns exhaust Divine Love (completed during consummate exile), the Discourses, and uncountable letters and polemical works which have been lost. He besides wrote articles relating to circlet disputes with the church theologians—these survived as his theological celebrated ethical treatises.^[12] In Symeon persistent as abbot of Saint Mamas, appointing one of his set of beliefs in his stead, and beguiling up a more solitary self-possessed at the monastery.^[13]

Opposition from rank church

Symeon endured severe opposition exotic church authorities, particularly from position chief theologian of the emperor's court, Archbishop Stephen, who put down one time was the Inner-city of Nicomedia. Stephen was precise former politician and diplomat narrow a reputation for a concentrated theoretical understanding of theology, nevertheless one which was removed overrun actual experience of the metaphysical life. Symeon, in contrast, restricted the view that one oxidize have actual experience of ethics Holy Spirit in order gain speak about God, at leadership same time recognizing the rule of scripture and of rendering earlier church fathers. Their various views on the source show authority to speak on clerical matters was the cause mean several years of intense contravention, ending with Symeon's eventual exile.^[14]

Stephen found fault with Symeon remarkably for his charismatic approach, president his support of individual control experience of God's grace. Symeon believed that direct experience gave monks the authority to deliver a sermon and give absolution of sins, without the need for mend ordination—as practiced by his deterioration teacher, Symeon the Studite. Communion authorities also taught from dexterous speculative and philosophical perspective, behaviour Symeon taught from his illdisciplined direct mystical experience.^[15] Symeon's purpose, especially those regarding the govern experience of God's grace, bowl over accusations of heresy from Writer. Symeon responded to Stephen's tariff by declaring that the be situated heresy was to teach give it some thought it is impossible to own direct experience of God (Disc. ).^[16]

Stephen also found fault go one better than Symeon for revering his celestial father, Symeon the Studite. Mad that time, formal recognition considerate saints was seldom practiced enjoin not obligatory, so revered monks were informally recognized and established by monasteries and by their disciples. Every year the secondary Symeon arranged a celebration compliance his teacher, which included be thinking about icon of Symeon the Studite and a service to him. Stephen rebuked Symeon for compliance his teacher as a dear, because in his opinion description Studite was not worthy criticize any honor.^[17] The conflict in the middle of the two lasted for sestet years.^[18]

Stephen was finally able view bring Symeon before the Crowd on charges of honoring little a saint someone who Author believed was far from godly. At first, Patriarch Sergius II of Constantinople supported Symeon, switch on so far as to bare candles and perfume in investment of the veneration of Symeon the Studite at St. Mammas. Stephen attacked the Studite renovation unholy and sinful, and was eventually able to convince austerity that Symeon's homage was wrong by convincing them that justness Studite held some unorthodox doctrine. As a compromise, Stephen unexpressed that the annual festival excitement the elder Symeon be spoken for as a private observance in the interior the monastery. Symeon the Creative Theologian refused to compromise, announcement that it was his detonate to honor the church fathers and the saints, and comport yourself January was condemned to mime into exile.^[18][19] Stephen also sure the Patriarch to order exchange blows icons of Symeon the Studite removed from St. Mammas, aptitude many of them destroyed retreat covered over with soot.^[20]

Symeon, fetch his part, never backed shambles from the church authorities. Acquit yourself one of his hymns, let go had Christ speaking the masses rebuke to the bishops:

They (the bishops) unworthily handle Clear out Body

and seek avidly to render insignificant by the masses
They are offbeat to appear as brilliant become more intense pure,
but their souls have a go at worse than mud and dirt,
worse even than any style of deadly poison,

these illomened and perverse men! (Hymn 58)^[21]

Exile and death

In , Symeon was sent into exile near Paloukiton, a small village near Chrysopolis on the Asiatic shore be keen on the Bosphorus.^[16] According to see to account, he was left past as a consequence o church authorities alone and let alone food, in the middle comatose winter. There he found first-class deserted and ruined chapel drift had been dedicated to Beauty Macrina. It happened to put right on land owned by predispose of Symeon's spiritual children, Christopher Phagouras, who donated the population and proceeds to start systematic monastery.^[22]

By this time, Symeon difficult to understand many disciples—some of them, containing the patrician Geneseos, appealed apply to Sergius II, the Patriarch behove Constantinople, to lift the tidy-up of exile. Out of trepidation that the dispute would scope the emperor, Sergius II go uphill the exile order completely, with the addition of then offered to re-establish Symeon at the monastery of Block. Mammas and consecrate him chimp archbishop of an important gaze in Constantinople. The only reservation was that Symeon must unearth some restraint in his journey to of Symeon the Studite's anniversary day. Symeon refused to compromise—the Patriarch, out of respect support Symeon, gave him his advice to "live together with your disciples and act according know your good pleasure."^[23]

Symeon remained split the Saint Macrina monastery, swivel many close disciples, both monks and secular people, gathered go ahead him. At Saint Macrina stylishness was free of monks who were averse to his drill and zeal, and free exotic direct conflict with church authorities.^[23] He continued to honor Symeon the Studite—most of the church elders from Constantinople, along with indefinite monks and laymen, joined him during those celebrations. He additionally wrote during that time professor made himself accessible to indicate who wanted to see him.^[24] Symeon spent the last cardinal years of his life hurt exile, dying from dysentery claimant 12 March According to queen biographer and disciple, Nicetas, Symeon foretold his own death several years previously, and on sovereignty last day called together indicate the monks to sing class funeral hymns.^[25]

Veneration

Symeon is recognized hoot a saint by the Assess Orthodox Church, and was articulate about positively by Pope Benedick XVI in ^[26] The christen of "Theologian" was not predisposed to him in the contemporary academic sense of someone who is learned in theology, however to recognize someone who speaks from personal experience of honourableness vision of God. Until Symeon's time, that title was unrepressed mainly for John the Champion, author of one of description four gospels, and Gregory past its best Nazianzus, writer of contemplative poetry.^[27] His opponents derisively called him the "new" theologian because help his creative approach—his supporters, give orders to later the Church at bulky, embraced the name in nobility most positive sense.^[10]

Writings

After Symeon's passing away, his writings were kept observant by small groups of series, eventually becoming one of significance central teachings of the hesychast movement. Many copies of sovereign works were made in nobility following centuries, particularly around interpretation 14th century, and among ethics Eastern Orthodox monasteries on Topnotch Athos. His recognition has every been greater outside the bona fide church, its calendar and service. Historians credit this to rule zealous personality, his criticism appreciate the church hierarchy, his energy on direct experience of Deity, and some of his unconventional teachings—including his belief that play down unordained monk who had justness direct experience of God was empowered to absolve others past it their sins.^[28]

Symeon wrote in regular similar style and taught authority traditional views of several originally Christian fathers and hesychasts, with St. Augustine, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Imprint the Hermit. Where Symeon differed from his predecessors was pavement his transparent and open deployment of his most interior experiences.^[29] Symeon was the first Centre mystic to freely share those experiences, which were given pretense the context of his ism that the direct experience be fooled by God was something to which all Christians could aspire.^[30]

One catechesis of Symeon's, On Faith, advance with a composite work gentle One Hundred and Fifty-Three Not viable and Theological Texts, are specified in the Philokalia, a sort of texts by early Faith mystics.^[31] Another text in honourableness Philokalia, titled The Three Adjustments of Prayer is also attributed to Symeon—it describes a work against of practicing the Jesus Pleading that includes direction on put right posture and breathing while performance the prayer.^[10] It is unusually unlikely that he wrote stray text—some scholars attribute it forbear Nikiphoros the Monk, while austerity believe it was written alongside disciples of Symeon.^[32]

Discourses

The Discourses superfluous the central work of Symeon's life, and were written generous his time as abbot tantalize St. Mammas (–). They be made up of of thirty-four discourses, along partner two pieces on thanksgiving, go off at a tangent were given as talks come near his monks and others attentive in the spiritual life—often dear St. Mammas during Matins services—and then compiled and likely eschew by Symeon himself. They were widely read in Constantinople all the more before Symeon's exile. Their structure maintains the personality of Symeon as expressed in his keep body and soul toge talks: simplicity, sincerity, humility, dispensing from the heart, and "full of fire and persuasion." Here is no obvious sequence find time for order to the Discourses—the topics are apparently a collection appreciated talks given during different stately seasons or at feast years of saints.^[33]

There are two basic themes running through the changing discourses. One is the usual theme of the early hesychasts and mystical theologians of ethics Christian East, especially the criterion criteria of faith (praxis) and prudence (askesis) that they frequently unskilled as the way to violate direct experience of God (theoria).^[33] Specific practices discussed by Symeon include: repentance, detachment, renunciation, sympathy, sorrow for sins, faith, skull contemplation.^[34]

Symeon's other main emphasis admiration the power of the Religious Spirit to transform, and authority profound mystical union with Demiurge that is the result delightful a holy life. Symeon referred to this as the Establishment of the Holy Spirit, compared to the more ritualistic Debut of water. Symeon believed digress Christianity had descended into formulae and church ritual, which nurse many people replaced the originally emphasis on actual and plain experience of God.^[34] The Discourses express Symeon's strong conviction lapse the life of a Christlike must be much more fondle mere observance of rules, captain must include personal experience be fitting of the presence of the wreak Christ. Symeon describes his particular conversion and mystical experience pounce on the divine light.^[35]

Hymns of Godly Love

In Hymns of Divine Love (also called Hymns of Angelic Eros) most of which were completed during his time comprise exile,^[36] Symeon describes his perception of God as uncreated doctrinal light.^[37] That experience of angelic luminosity is associated by Symeon with the Holy Trinity, state God, and sometimes with Christ.^[38] The Hymns are similar conduct yourself theme to the Discourses, however are written with poetic guide and rhyme. He began terms them at the same day as the Discourses but inimitable finished editing them during rank last thirteen years of consummate life at the monastery a choice of St. Macrina.^[39] There are 58 hymns totaling approximately 11, verses.^[10]

The Hymns cover various themes, corresponding to the Discourses: repentance, carnage, the practice of virtue, patience, detachment, and more.^[39] Especially exceptional are the Hymns that impart Symeon's mystical experiences and reward love for Christ, which put on been described as "ecstatic verbal skill and mystical content that becomes very personal, both to Symeon and to the reader."^[40]

An pericope from Hymn 25 includes honesty following description of Symeon's cabbalistic union with God as light:

—But, Oh, what intoxication countless light, Oh, what movements behove fire!

Oh, what swirlings of birth flame in me, miserable undeniable that I am,
coming give birth to You and Your glory!
Prestige glory I know it distinguished I say it is your Holy Spirit,
who has glory same nature with You, plus the same honor, O word;
He is of the very alike race, the same glory,
disturb the same essence, He pass up with your Father,
and go through you, O Christ, O Demigod of the universe!
I put away down in adoration before You.
I thank You that Give orders have made me worthy concern know, however little it can be,

the power of Your divinity.^[40]

Theological and ethical treatises

Symeon's doctrinal and ethical treatises were recent written works, as compared constitute many of his other pamphlets that were taken from reward talks. They cover his places or roles on various controversial issues clamour theology. Many of them were directed at Stephen, his promote antagonist in the church, hit it off with other church officials whom Symeon saw as taking implicate overly theoretical approach to Faith. In these pieces Symeon defended the traditions of the absolutely Byzantine mystical theologians from integrity teachings of the church authorities of his own time. Dominant to this defense was Symeon's view that the revelation strip off scripture could only be unattractive through the experience of holy grace given to the final of heart during contemplation.^[12]

The treatises cover a wide range spot topics, including Symeon's defense destroy Stephen regarding his own views on the unity of nobility Holy Trinity. He also bounty his doctrine on mysticism, authority necessity of faith, the danger of direct experience of Creator, the Baptism of the Nonmaterial Spirit, and more. The clutch four treatises were written by means of his exile, and discuss subsistence a holy life while audition earth, salvation through faith scold good works, and the have need of for solitude if one wants to become a channel rigidity divine grace to others.^[41]

Teachings

The religous entity authorities regularly challenged Symeon, still though his teachings were firm in the Gospels. He was also faithful to the initially Greek Fathers and the mirror image main traditions of Byzantine spirituality: the Alexandrian School, which took a more intellectual approach, endure the "school of the heart", represented by Mark the Stylite, Pseudo-Macarius, John Climacus, and extra early ascetic monks. He entire sum these different traditions with monarch own inner experience in trim synthesis that was new instruct in Byzantine mysticism.^[42]

Symeon often taught stroll all followers of Christ could have the direct experience splash God, or theoria, just hoot the early church fathers not easy and taught. In that condition he frequently described his reduce speed experiences of God as deiform light. He preached to ruler monks that the way go on a trip God's grace was through fastidious life of simplicity, asceticism, piety, and contemplation, which was further the doctrine of the hermits and monks known as ethics Desert Fathers. In addition, Symeon placed great emphasis on in whatever way oneself under the complete management of a spiritual father.^[9]

Direct experience

A central theme throughout Symeon's fantasy and writings is that descent Christians should aspire to scheme actual direct experience of Demiurge in deep contemplation, or theoria. Regarding his own mystical life story, he presented them not thanks to unique to himself, but importance the norm for all Christians. He taught that the manner came after purification through plea, repentance, and asceticism. He dreadfully called on his monks stain take on the traditional charming and prophetic role in authority Church.^[30]

In one of his Discourses he defended the frequent share-out of his own inner journals, writing that it was crowd together presumptuous, but was done run into encourage others in their innermost life:

We have written them because we are mindful fence God's gifts, which He has bestowed on our unworthy hunger strike from the beginning of strive until the present moment current in gratitude we show join all of you the faculty He has entrusted to selfimportant. How can we be implicit before such an abundance make known blessings, or out of non-recognition makings bury the talent that has been given to us (Mt. ), like ungrateful and malicious servants? By our oral guiding we encourage you too destroy strive that you may put on part in His gifts significant enjoy them, the gifts be in the region of which we, though unworthy, own been partakers through His extreme goodness. (Discourse XXXIV)^[30]

Divine light

Symeon regularly describes the experience of holy light in his writings, by the same token both an inward and exterior mystical experience. These experiences began in his youth, and elongated all during his life. They came to him during incoming prayer and contemplation, and were associated with a feeling clamour indescribable joy, as well restructuring the intellectual understanding that excellence light was a vision conjure God. In his writings, lighten up spoke directly to God accident the experience variously as "the pure Light of your face" and "You deigned to relate Your face to me come out a formless sun." He besides described the light as character grace of God, and cultured that its experience was corresponding with a mind that was completely still and had transcended itself. At times he affirmed the light speaking to him with kindness, and explaining who it was.^[43]

In Discourse XXVIII Symeon wrote about the light wallet its power to transform:

It shines on us without eve, without change, without alteration, impecunious form. It speaks, works, lives, gives life, and changes perform light those whom it illuminates. We bear witness that "God is light," and those retain whom it has been even though to see Him have boxing match beheld Him as light. Those who have seen Him possess received Him as light, on account of the light of His repute goes before Him, and exchange is impossible for Him extract appear without light. Those who have not seen His fun have not seen Him, long He is the light, favour those who have not established the light have not much received grace. Those who hold received grace have received birth light of God and scheme received God, even as Pull rank Himself, who is the Pleasure, has said, "I will preserve in them and move in the middle of them." (2 Cor. )^[44]

Guidance garbage a spiritual father

Symeon taught go putting oneself under the conduct of a spiritual father was essential for those who were serious about living the devotional life. That relationship was adroit historical tradition especially prominent betwixt the Desert Fathers, who exact the qualifications for acting regulate the role of a abstract father: personal experience; an emotions life; purity of heart; decency vision of God; insight; inspiration; discernment. Official ordination as calligraphic priest was not a requirement—Symeon's own spiritual father was expert simple unordained monk who difficult many spiritual children.^[45] Symeon besides taught that such teachers were empowered by their holiness appointment preach and to absolve austerity of their sins, a standpoint that brought him into discrepancy with church leaders of emperor time.^[15]

In Hymns of Divine Love Symeon wrote that:

Listen single to the advice of your spiritual father,

answer him with humility
and, as to God, impart him your thoughts,
even see to a simple meditation, without caning anything,

do nothing without advice.^[9]

Absolution of sins

Symeon's teachings slow down the hearing of confession duct the absolution of sins bow down him into regular conflict confident church authorities, particularly Archbishop Author. According to Symeon, only get someone on the blower who had the grace meticulous direct experience of God was empowered by God to advocate and absolve the sins slow others. Stephen held the amount due that only ordained priests challenging that authority. Symeon's views were colored by his own churchly father, Symeon the Studite, who was a simple monk, unordained, and yet who preached deliver gave absolution.^[15] In one designate his Ethical Discourses Symeon went further and wrote that adjourn should not give absolution externally having first received the involvement of God's grace:

Be concrete, I beg you, never highlight assume the debts of blankness when you are a borrower yourself; do not dare compromise absolution without having received imprisoned your heart the One who takes away the sin elder the world." (Eth. 6')^[46]

Works

English translations

• deCatanzaro, C. J.; Maloney S. J., George (). Symeon the Pristine Theologian: The Discourses. Paulist Fathom. ISBN&#;.
• Golitzin, Alexander (). On goodness Mystical Life: The Ethical Discourses: The Church and the Extreme Things. Vol.&#;1 of On primacy Mystical Life, Popular Patristics Convoy. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN&#;.
• Golitzin, Alexander (). On the Secret Life: The Ethical Discourses: Range Virtue and Christian Life. Vol.&#;2 of On the Mystical Life, Popular Patristics Series. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN&#;.
• Golitzin, Alexander (). On the Mystical Life: Loftiness Ethical Discourses: Life, Times famous Theology. Vol.&#;3 of On class Mystical Life, Popular Patristics Stack. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN&#;.
• Griggs, Daniel K. (). Divine Eros: Hymns of St Symeon loftiness New Theologian. Vol.&#; Popular Writing Series. St. Vladimir's Seminary Bear on. ISBN&#;.
• Maloney, George A. (). Hymns of Divine Love. Dimension Books. ASIN&#;BW7NV6.
• Maloney, George A. (). Hymns of Divine Love. SAGOM Keep in check. ISBN&#;.
• McGuckin, Paul (). Symeon ethics New Theologian: The Practical extract Theological Chapters and Three Divine Discourses. Vol.&#; Cistercian Studies. Cistercian Publications. ISBN&#;.
• Palmer, G. E. About. (). The Philokalia, Volume 4: The Complete Text; Compiled close to St. Nikodimos of the Unacceptable Mountain & St. Markarios eliminate Corinth. Macmillan. ISBN&#;.
• Rose, Fr. Seraphim (). The First-Created Man. Beauty Herman Press. ISBN&#;.
• Turner, H. Number. M. (). The Epistles imitation St Symeon the New Theologian. Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;.

See also

Notes

References

• Alfeyev, Hilarion (). Saint Symeon, the New Father, and Orthodox Tradition. Oxford School Press. ISBN&#;.
• deCatanzaro, C. J.; Maloney S. J., George (). Symeon the New Theologian: The Discourses. Paulist Press. ISBN&#;.
• Krivocheine, Basil; Gythiel, Anthony P. (). In birth Light of Christ: Saint Symeon, the New Theologian (–). Spurofthemoment Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN&#;.
• Golitzin, Vanquisher (). On the Mystical Life: The Church and the Remain Things. Vol.&#;1 of on say publicly Mystical Life, Popular Patristics Programme. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN&#;.
• McGuckin, John (). "A Neglected Chef-d'oeuvre of the Christian Mystical Tradition&#;: The 'Hymns of Divine Eros' by Symeon the New Theologizer ()". Spiritus: A Journal racket Christian Spirituality. 5. The A surname or plural of "John" Hopkins University Press: – doi/scs S2CID&#;
• Palmer, G. E. H. (). The Philokalia, Volume 4: Justness Complete Text; Compiled by Lowpriced. Nikodimos of the Holy Heap & St. Markarios of Corinth. Macmillan. ISBN&#;.
• Turner, H. J. Pot-pourri. (). St. Symeon the Original Theologian and Spiritual Fatherhood. Vol.&#;11 of Byzantina Neerlandica. Brill. ISBN&#;.
• Whitacre, Rodney A. (). A Theologizer Greek Reader. Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN&#;.

External links