Biography of abraham founder of judaism

Hebrew patriarch according to the Canaanitic Bible

Several terms redirect here. Gather other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] esteem the common Hebrewpatriarch of righteousness Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Religion, and Islam. In Judaism, significant is the founding father make a fuss over the special relationship between justness Jews and God; in Religion, he is the spiritual ancestor of all believers, whether Mortal or non-Jewish;^[c] and in Mohammedanism, he is a link quickwitted the chain of Islamic diviner that begins with Adam tube culminates in Muhammad. As excellence namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also revered uncover other Abrahamic religions, such orang-utan the Druze faith and representation Baháʼí Faith.

The story of character life of Abraham, as sit in judgment in the narrative of distinction Book of Genesis in greatness Hebrew Bible, revolves around integrity themes of posterity and unexciting. He is said to plot been called by God difficulty leave the house of consummate father Terah and settle seep in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Patriarch and his progeny. This here is subsequently inherited by Patriarch, Abraham's son by his mate Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Patriarch is also promised that sharptasting will be the founder try to be like a great nation. Abraham bring into play a tomb (the Cave translate the Patriarchs) at Hebron connect be Sarah's grave, thus institute his right to the land; and, in the second day, his heir Isaac is joined to a woman from own kin to earn authority parents' approval. Abraham later marries Keturah and has six extra sons; but, on his eliminate, when he is buried hard by Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" extent the other sons receive solitary "gifts".

Most scholars view the kind age, along with the Deviation and the period of representation biblical judges, as a utter literary construct that does shout relate to any particular reliable era, and after a c of exhaustive archaeological investigation, pollex all thumbs butte evidence has been found reckon a historical Abraham.^[12] It not bad largely concluded that the Laws, the series of books meander includes Genesis, was composed through the early Persian period, c.&#; BC, as a result appreciate tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in Judah on the Babylonian captivity and derived their right to the agriculture through their "father Abraham", predominant the returning exiles who family unit their counterclaim on Moses current the Exodus tradition of righteousness Israelites.

The Abraham cycle in class Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Patriarch cycle is not structured get by without a unified plot centered memory a conflict and its firmness or a problem and spoil solution. The episodes are much only loosely linked, and description sequence is not always untreated, but it is unified hunk the presence of Abraham being, as either actor or bystander, and by the themes asset posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set corrode in Genesis –31 concerning prestige sterility of Sarah and –3 in which Abraham is orderly to leave the land unravel his birth for the bailiwick God will show him.

Origins courier calling

Terah, the ninth in dewdrop from Noah, was the dad of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the lineage lived in Ur of magnanimity Chaldees. Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot departed sort Canaan, but settled in simple place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), where Terah died at blue blood the gentry age of ^[17] According cut into some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born in Haran and he later relocated ascend Ur, while some of wreath family remained in Haran.^[18]

God difficult to understand told Abram to leave jurisdiction country and kindred and add up to to a land that fiasco would show him, and engaged to make of him efficient great nation, bless him, engineer his name great, bless them that bless him, and malediction them who may curse him. Abram was 75 years go bust when he left Haran involve his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and their possessions reprove people that they had derivative, and traveled to Shechem jacket Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched coronate tent in the east grip Bethel, and built an shrine which was between Bethel come first Ai.

Sarai

There was a repressive famine in the land pay no attention to Canaan, so that Abram, Opt for, and their households traveled weather Egypt. On the way Abram told Sarai to say stray she was his sister, tolerable that the Egyptians would fret kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials deathless Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, paramount they took her into decency palace and gave Abram wares barter in exchange. God afflicted Swayer and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to incursion to find out what was wrong.^[20] Upon discovering that Sarai was a married woman, Swayer demanded that Abram and Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they lived for a while exclaim the Negev after being exiled from Egypt and came resume to the Bethel and Ai area, Abram's and Lot's goodly herds occupied the same pastures. This became a problem go allout for the herdsmen, who were decided to each family's cattle. Blue blood the gentry conflicts between herdsmen had energy so troublesome that Abram not obligatory that Lot choose a be capable area, either on the leftwing hand or on the glue hand, that there be rebuff conflict between them. Lot fixed to go eastward to nobleness plain of Jordan, where high-mindedness land was well watered without exception as far as Zoara, see he dwelled in the cities of the plain toward Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the entity of Mamre, where he anatomy another altar to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle of Siddim

During representation rebellion of the Jordan Out cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, side Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with entire household by the incursive Elamite forces. The Elamite herd came to collect the gains of war, after having evenhanded defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his coat, at the time, were hair on the outskirts of description Kingdom of Sodom which prefab them a visible target.^[25]

One particular who escaped capture came station told Abram what happened. Once upon a time Abram received this news, without fear immediately assembled trained servants. Abram's force headed north in benefit of the Elamite army, who were already worn down shake off the Battle of Siddim. During the time that they caught up with them at Dan, Abram devised grand battle plan by splitting wreath group into more than pooled unit, and launched a darkness raid. Not only were they able to free the captives, Abram's unit chased and slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer watch Hobah, just north of Damascus. They freed Lot, as vigorous as his household and property, and recovered all of glory goods from Sodom that difficult been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's return, Sodom's king came out to compact with him in the Ravine of Shaveh, the "king's dale". Also, Melchizedek king of City (Jerusalem), a priest of Carry out Elyon, brought out bread weather wine and blessed Abram abide God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything. Decency king of Sodom then offered to let Abram keep wrestling match the possessions if he would merely return his people. Abram declined to accept anything nook than the share to which his allies were entitled.

Covenant of the pieces

See also: Convention of the pieces

The voice bring into play the Lord came to Abram in a vision and around at the promise of the terra firma and descendants as numerous hoot the stars. Abram and Demiurge made a covenant ceremony, turf God told of the later bondage of Israel in Empire. God described to Abram position land that his offspring would claim: the land of justness Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, with Jebusites.^[28]

Hagar

See also: Hagar and Hagar in Islam

Abram and Sarai debilitated to make sense of degree he would become a parent of nations, because after 10 years of living in Canaan, no child had been inhabitant. Sarai then offered her African slave, Hagar, to Abram walkout the intention that she would bear him a son.^[29]

After Hagar found she was pregnant, she began to despise her ideal, Sarai. Sarai responded by mistreating Hagar, and Hagar fled cross the threshold the wilderness. An angel support with Hagar at the well 2 on the way to Shur. He instructed her to reinstate to Abram's camp and walk her son would be "a wild ass of a man; his hand shall be combat every man, and every man's hand against him; and proscribed shall dwell in the manifestation of all his brethren." She was told to call afflict son Ishmael. Hagar then christened God who spoke to take five "El-roi", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that day on, the well was called Beer-lahai-roi, ("The well of him wander liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between Kadesh with Bered. She then did makeover she was instructed by regressive to her mistress in restriction to have her child. Abram was 86 years of addendum when Ishmael was born.^[30]

Sarah

Thirteen ripen later, when Abram was 99 years of age, God self-acknowledged Abram's new name: "Abraham"&#;– "a father of many nations".^[31] Ibrahim then received the instructions espouse the covenant of the split from, of which circumcision was ruin be the sign.^[32]

God declared Sarai's new name: "Sarah", blessed show, and told Abraham, "I testament choice give thee a son additionally of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, coupled with "said in his heart, 'Shall a child be born unto him that is a loads years old? and shall Wife, that is ninety years ancient, bear [a child]?'"^[34] Immediately pinpoint Abraham's encounter with God, misstep had his entire household practice men, including himself (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long afterward, during honourableness heat of the day, Ibrahim had been sitting at grandeur entrance of his tent from one side to the ot the terebinths of Mamre. Sand looked up and saw match up men in the presence substantiation God. Then he ran queue bowed to the ground have knowledge of welcome them. Abraham then offered to wash their feet brook fetch them a morsel make merry bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's set to order ash cakes feeling from choice flour, then without fear ordered a servant-boy to get a choice calf. When compartment was prepared, he set curds, milk and the calf heretofore them, waiting on them, adorn a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One of the visitors told Patriarch that upon his return succeeding year, Sarah would have unembellished son. While at the headstrong entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed tell somebody to herself about the prospect allround having a child at their ages. The visitor inquired pick up the check Abraham why Sarah laughed learning bearing a child at grouping age, as nothing is in addition hard for God. Frightened, Wife denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Metropolis and Gomorrah and Lot (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham and distinction three visitors got up. They walked over to the tip 1 that overlooked the 'cities be more or less the plain' to discuss representation fate of Sodom and Metropolis for their detestable sins dump were so great, it faked God to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in City, God revealed plans to curb and judge these cities. Enviable this point, the two next visitors left for Sodom. Proliferate Abraham turned to God scold pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty persons to less) guarantee "if there were at depth ten righteous men found come out of the city, would not Genius spare the city?" For decency sake of ten righteous wind up, God declared that he would not destroy the city.^[38]

When probity two visitors arrived in City to conduct their report, they planned on staying in nobility city square. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, met with them trip strongly insisted that these one "men" stay at his terrace for the night. A exposition of men stood outside be successful Lot's home and demanded stroll Lot bring out his visitors so that they may "know" (v. 5) them. However, Insufficiently objected and offered his pure daughters who had not "known" (v. 8) man to nobility rally of men instead. They rejected that notion and requisite to break down Lot's inception to get to his person guests,^[39] thus confirming the outrage of the city and portending their imminent destruction.^[40]

Early the take forward morning, Abraham went to magnanimity place where he stood beforehand God. He "looked out discuss Sodom and Gomorrah" and byword what became of the cities of the plain, where shout even "ten righteous" (v. ) had been found, as "the smoke of the land went up as the smoke bargain a furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Endogamy arena Wife–sister narratives in the Tome of Genesis

Abraham settled between Kadesh and Shur in what character Bible anachronistically calls "the farming of the Philistines". While significant was living in Gerar, Patriarch openly claimed that Sarah was his sister. Upon discovering that news, King Abimelech had deduct brought to him. God after that came to Abimelech in straighten up dream and declared that delegation her would result in sort-out because she was a man's wife. Abimelech had not place hands on her, so illegal inquired if he would besides slay a righteous nation, selfsame since Abraham had claimed drift he and Sarah were siblings. In response, God told Abimelech that he did indeed control a blameless heart and digress is why he continued memo exist. However, should he need return the wife of Ibrahim back to him, God would surely destroy Abimelech and consummate entire household. Abimelech was cultivated that Abraham was a forecaster who would pray for him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech informed realm servants of his dream distinguished approached Abraham inquiring as talk why he had brought specified great guilt upon his country. Abraham stated that he notion there was no fear exercise God in that place, vital that they might kill him for his wife. Then Ibrahim defended what he had articulate as not being a perjure at all: "And yet truly she is my sister; she is the daughter of nasty father, but not the maid of my mother; and she became my wife."^[43] Abimelech common Sarah to Abraham, and gave him gifts of sheep, cattle, and servants; and invited him to settle wherever he thrilled in Abimelech's lands. Further, Abimelech gave Abraham a thousand split from of silver to serve importation Sarah's vindication before all. Ibrahim then prayed for Abimelech current his household, since God abstruse stricken the women with enervation because of the taking take in Sarah.^[44]

After living for some while in the land of glory Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, depiction chief of his troops, approached Abraham because of a enigma that resulted in a bloodthirsty confrontation at a well. Ibrahim then reproached Abimelech due stunt his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the seizing of Abraham's Well. Abimelech claimed ignorance incline the incident. Then Abraham offered a pact by providing clich and oxen to Abimelech. Extremely, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug honourableness well, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof. Due to of this sworn oath, they called the place of that well: Beersheba. After Abimelech charge Phicol headed back to Philistia, Abraham planted a tamarisk woodlet in Beersheba and called walk into "the name of the Master, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As had antiquated prophesied in Mamre the foregoing year,^[46] Sarah became pregnant courier bore a son to Ibrahim, on the first anniversary glimpse the covenant of circumcision. Ibrahim was "an hundred years old", when his son whom subside named Isaac was born; soar he circumcised him when good taste was eight days old.^[47] Fit in Sarah, the thought of conferral birth and nursing a daughter, at such an old muse, also brought her much giggling, as she declared, "God hath made me to laugh, and above that all who hear desire laugh with me."^[48] Isaac spread to grow and on righteousness day he was weaned, Patriarch held a great feast ballot vote honor the occasion. During leadership celebration, however, Sarah found Patriarch mocking; an observation that would begin to clarify the claim of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Ishmael cloudless Islam §&#;The sacrifice

Ishmael was xiv years old when Abraham's descendant Isaac was born to Wife. When she found Ishmael flirtation Isaac, Sarah told Abraham outline send both Ishmael and Hagar away. She declared that Patriarch would not share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly unfortunate by his wife's words remarkable sought the advice of sovereignty God. God told Abraham quite a distance to be distressed but delay do as his wife demanded. God reassured Abraham that "in Isaac shall seed be titled to thee."^[50] He also oral Ishmael would make a organism, "because he is thy seed".^[51]

Early the next morning, Abraham brought down Hagar and Ishmael out balance. He gave her bread build up water and sent them withdrawal. The two wandered in justness wilderness of Beersheba until gather bottle of water was entirely consumed. In a moment care despair, she burst into rot. After God heard the boy's voice, an angel of leadership Lord confirmed to Hagar prowl he would become a unconditional nation, and will be "living on his sword". A athletic of water then appeared in this fashion that it saved their lives. As the boy grew, lighten up became a skilled archer aliment in the wilderness of Paran. Eventually his mother found spick wife for Ishmael from refuse home country, the land be more or less Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Back of Isaac

At some point hutch Isaac's youth, Abraham was mandatory by God to offer cap son up as a casualty in the land of Moriah. The patriarch traveled three generation until he came to honourableness mount that God told him of. He then commanded dignity servants to remain while explicit and Isaac proceeded alone become acquainted the mount. Isaac carried high-mindedness wood upon which he would be sacrificed. Along the scrap, Isaac asked his father whirl location the animal for the burnedout offering was, to which Ibrahim replied "God will provide human being a lamb for a burnedout offering". Just as Abraham was about to sacrifice his essence, he was interrupted by greatness angel of the Lord, tell off he saw behind him organized "ram caught in a woodland out of the woo by his horns", which crystal-clear sacrificed instead of his cuddle. The place was later known as as Jehovah-jireh. For his dutifulness he received another promise reinforce numerous descendants and abundant success. After this event, Abraham went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

See also: Abraham's family tree

Sarah died, and Patriarch buried her in the Hideaway of the Patriarchs (the "cave of Machpelah"), near Hebron which he had purchased along consider the adjoining field from Ephron the Hittite.^[54] After the attain of Sarah, Abraham took alternative wife, a concubine named Keturah, by whom he had provoke sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.^[55] According connection the Bible, reflecting the alternate of his name to "Abraham" meaning "a father of visit nations", Abraham is considered recognize be the progenitor of myriad nations mentioned in the Guidebook, among others the Israelites, Ishmaelites,^[56]Edomites,^[57]Amalekites,^[58]Kenizzites,^[59]Midianites and Assyrians,^[60] and through nephew Lot he was likewise related to the Moabites boss Ammonites.^[61] Abraham lived to keep an eye on Isaac marry Rebekah, and stop see the birth of her highness twin grandsons Jacob and Boy. He died at age , and was buried in picture cave of Machpelah by circlet sons Isaac and Ishmael.^[62]

Historicity move origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In description early and middle 20th c leading archaeologists such as William F. Albright and G. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars much as Albrecht Alt and Bog Bright believed that the patriarchs and matriarchs were either essential individuals or believable composites remind you of people who lived in rectitude "patriarchal age", the 2nd millenary BCE.^[63] But, in the relentless, new arguments concerning Israel's done and the biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments stool be found in Thomas Fame. Thompson's The Historicity of description Patriarchal Narratives (),^[64] and Bog Van Seters' Abraham in Chronicle and Tradition ().^[65] Thompson, great literary scholar, based his wrangle on archaeology and ancient texts. His thesis centered on honesty lack of compelling evidence wind the patriarchs lived in glory 2nd millennium BCE, and acclaimed how certain biblical texts reproduce first millennium conditions and handiwork. Van Seters examined the fatherly stories and argued that their names, social milieu, and messages strongly suggested that they were Iron Age creations. Van Seters' and Thompson's works were trig paradigm shift in biblical training and archaeology, which gradually show the way scholars to no longer finger the patriarchal narratives as historical.^[67] Some conservative scholars attempted come near defend the Patriarchal narratives fluky the following years, but that has not found acceptance middle scholars.^[68][69] By the beginning carry out the 21st century, archaeologists locked away stopped trying to recover undistinguished context that would make Patriarch, Isaac or Jacob credible consecutive figures.^[70]

Origins of the narrative

Abraham's story, like those of high-mindedness other patriarchs, most likely confidential a substantial oral prehistory (he is mentioned in the Whole of Ezekiel^[72] and the Hard-cover of Isaiah^[73]). As with Prophet, Abraham's name is apparently truly ancient, as the tradition override in the Book of Generation no longer understands its new meaning (probably "Father is exalted" – the meaning offered manner Genesis , "Father of shipshape and bristol fashion multitude", is a folk etymology). At some stage the articulated traditions became part of birth written tradition of the Pentateuch; a majority of scholars profess this stage belongs to picture Persian period, roughly – BCE. The mechanisms by which that came about remain unknown, however there are currently at slightest two hypotheses. The first, baptized Persian Imperial authorisation, is put off the post-Exilic community devised birth Torah as a legal rationale on which to function viscera the Persian Imperial system; distinction second is that the Pentateuch was written to provide representation criteria for determining who would belong to the post-Exilic Human community and to establish justness power structures and relative places or roles of its various groups, markedly the priesthood and the come to light "elders".

The completion of the The Jewish holy scripture and its elevation to probity centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much or more take into account combining older texts as chirography new ones – the closing Pentateuch was based on offering traditions. In the Book draw round Ezekiel,^[79] written during the Expulsion (i.e., in the first section of the 6th century BCE), Ezekiel, an exile in Metropolis, tells how those who remained in Judah are claiming organize of the land based accusation inheritance from Abraham; but say publicly prophet tells them they suppress no claim because they comings and goings not observe Torah. The Restricted area of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies racket tension between the people achieve Judah and the returning post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating avoid God is the father worry about Israel and that Israel's features begins with the Exodus be first not with Abraham. The outcome to be inferred from that and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the figure manage Abraham must have been finest among the great landowners as a result of Judah at the time take away the Exile and after, delivery to support their claims make somebody's acquaintance the land in opposition come to get those of the returning exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book of Genesis portrays Abraham as having an Amorite origin, arguing that the patriarch's provenance from the region star as Harran as described in Dawn associates him with the locale of the Amorite homeland. Perform also notes parallels between description biblical narrative and the Amorite migration into the Southern Do a bunk in the 2nd millennium BCE.^[83] Likewise, some scholars like Book E. Fleming and Alice Mandell have argued that the scriptural portrayal of the Patriarchs' way of life appears to reflect the Amorite culture of the 2nd millenary BCE as attested in texts from the ancient city-state very last Mari, suggesting that the Birth stories retain historical memories fortify the ancestral origins of harsh of the Israelites.^[84][85]Alan Millard argues that the name Abram court case of Amorite origin and ramble it is attested in Mari as ʾabī-rām. He also suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a form typical show signs of the Middle Bronze Age professor not of later periods.^[86]

Palestine make happen hypothesis

The earliest possible reference persevere with Abraham may be the honour of a town in excellence Negev listed in a shakeup inscription of Pharaoh Sheshonq Raving (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Fortress of Abraham", suggesting the possible existence own up an Abraham tradition in rendering 10th century BCE. The orientalist Mario Liverani proposed to predict in the name Abraham goodness mythical eponym of a Ethnos tribe from the 13th c BCE, that of the Raham, of which mention was fail to appreciate in the stele of Seti I found in Beth-She'an stake dating back to 'around BCE.^[88] The tribe probably lived eliminate the area surrounding or seal to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele in fact refers currency fights that took place jagged the area). The semi-nomadic folk tale pastoral Semitic tribes of magnanimity time used to prefix their names with the term banū ("sons of"), so it shambles hypothesized that the Raham alarmed themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, myriad interpreted blood ties between dynasty members as common descent diverge an eponymous ancestor (i.e., particular who gave the tribe take the edge off name), rather than as magnanimity result of intra-tribal ties. Influence name of this eponymous legendary ancestor was constructed with character patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the name of representation tribe; in the case tension the Raham, it would keep been Abu Raham, later finish off become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Travels from Ur to Harran could be explained as a retro reflection of the story discern the return of the Jews from the Babylonian exile. Implausibly, Israel Finkelstein suggested that decency oldest Abraham traditions originated unfailingly the Iron Age (monarchic period) and that they contained contain autochthonous hero story, as high-mindedness oldest mentions of Abraham difficult to get to the book of Genesis (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): uproar not depend on Genesis 12–26; do not have an notice of a Mesopotamian origin light Abraham; and present only couple main themes of the Patriarch narrative in Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein deemed Abraham as ancestor who was worshiped in Hebron, which run through too far from Beit She'an, and the oldest tradition lay out him might be about high-mindedness altar he built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham is given a lanky position of respect in unite major world faiths, Judaism, Religion, and Islam. In Judaism, bankruptcy is the founding father systematic the covenant, the special rapport between the Jewish people put forward God—leading to the belief focus the Jews are the uncouth people of God. In Religion, Paul the Apostle taught go wool-gathering Abraham's faith in God—preceding rank Mosaic law—made him the original of all believers, Jewish attempt gentile; and in Islam, recognized is seen as a clamber in the chain of nebiim that begins with Adam stand for culminates in Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish convention, Abraham is called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that he is both the biological progenitor of honourableness Jews and the father gradient Judaism, the first Jew. Jurisdiction story is read in influence weekly Torah reading portions, largely in the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan bar Rava taught in Abba Arikha's name that Abraham's argot was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90][d]Hiyya bar Abba taught that Patriarch worked in Teraḥ's idol machine shop in his youth.^[93]

In Legends outline the Jews, God created garden of delights and earth for the wellbeing of the merits of Ibrahim. After the biblical flood, Patriarch was the only one amid the pious who solemnly swore never to forsake God, pretentious in the house of Patriarch and Shem to learn return to the "Ways of God," protracted the line of High Divine from Noah and Shem, post assigning the office to Levi and his seed forever. Earlier leaving his father's land, Ibrahim was miraculously saved from integrity fiery furnace of Nimrod next his brave action of crackup the idols of the Chaldeans into pieces. During his stopping over in Canaan, Abraham was customary to extend hospitality to travelers and strangers and taught however to praise God also knowing of God to those who had received his kindness.

Along appear Isaac and Jacob, he enquiry the one whose name would appear united with God, hoot God in Judaism was dubbed Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq insensitive Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Patriarch, God of Isaac, and Creator of Jacob") and never grandeur God of anyone else.^[99] Type was also mentioned as influence father of thirty nations.^[]

Abraham enquiry generally credited as the man of letters of the Sefer Yetzirah, only of the earliest extant books on Jewish mysticism.^[]

According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests at God's command.^[] The Cogent of Isaac is specified tackle the Bible as a test;^[] the other nine are whimper specified, but later rabbinical variety give various enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Faith, Abraham is revered as rectitude prophet to whom God chose to reveal himself and momentous whom God initiated a patronage (cf. Covenant Theology).^[]Paul the Missionary declared that all who hide in Jesus (Christians) are "included in the seed of Ibrahim and are inheritors of leadership promise made to Abraham." Handset Romans 4, Abraham is remembered for his "unwavering faith" adjoin God, which is tied jolt the concept of partakers presumption the covenant of grace bring into being those "who demonstrate faith forecast the saving power of Christ".^[][]

Throughout history, church leaders, following Undesirable, have emphasized Abraham as representation spiritual father of all Christians.