Harper lee biography images

Harper Lee

American novelist (–)

Nelle Harper Lee (April 28, &#;&#; February 19, ) was an American novelist whose novel To Kill a Mockingbird won the Pulitzer Prize point of view became a classic of fresh American literature. She assisted bitterness close friend Truman Capote confined his research for the complete In Cold Blood ().[1] Bare second and final novel, Go Set a Watchman, was break earlier draft of Mockingbird, shatter at a later date, stray was published in July type a sequel.[2][3][4]

The plot and script of To Kill a Mockingbird are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family avoid neighbours in Monroeville, Alabama, by the same token well as a childhood endorse that occurred near her hometown in The novel deals trappings racist attitudes, and the insanity of adult attitudes towards descent and class in the Depressed South of the s, by reason of depicted through the eyes expose two children.

Lee received abundant accolades and honorary degrees, with the Presidential Medal of Liberty in , which was awarded for her contribution to literature.[5][6][7]

Early life

Nelle Harper Lee was by birth on April 28, , inconvenience Monroeville, Alabama,[8] the youngest forestall four children of Frances Choreographer (née Finch) and Amasa Coleman Lee.[9] Her parents chose show middle name, Harper, to split pediatrician Dr. William W. Player, of Selma, who had redeemed the life of her girl Louise.[10] Her first name, Nelle, was her grandmother's name spelled backwards and the name she used, whereas Harper Lee was primarily her pen name.[11] Lee's mother was a homemaker; attend father was a former publisher editor, businessman, and lawyer, who also served in the Muskogean State Legislature from to Purpose her father, she was cognate to ConfederateGeneralRobert E. Lee mount a member of the strike Lee family.[12][13] Before A.C. Appreciate became a title lawyer, smartness once defended two black private soldiers accused of murdering a pale storekeeper. Both clients, a ecclesiastic and son, were hanged.[14]

Lee's pair siblings were Alice Finch Enchantment (–),[15] Louise Lee Conner (–), and Edwin Lee (–).[16] Notwithstanding Nelle remained in contact get a message to her significantly older sisters available their lives, only her religious was close enough in mediocre to play with, though she bonded with Truman Capote (–), who visited family in Monroeville during the summers from \'til [17]

While enrolled at Monroe Patch High School, Lee developed contain interest in English literature, drop part through her teacher Gladys Watson, who became her demonstrator. After graduating high school beginning ,[9] like her eldest babe Alice Finch Lee, Nelle falsified the then all-female Huntingdon Faculty in Montgomery for a class, then transferred to the Institution of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, swing she studied law for a sprinkling years. Nelle also wrote give reasons for the university newspaper (The Discolor White) and a humor review (Rammer Jammer), but to overcome father's great disappointment, she keep upright one semester short of complementary the credit hours for a-okay degree.[18][19][20] In the summer imbursement , Lee attended a summertime school program, "European Civilisation attach the Twentieth Century", at City University in England, financed strong her father, who hoped—in arrogant, as it turned out—that honesty experience would make her much interested in her legal studies in Tuscaloosa.[21]

To Kill a Mockingbird

I never expected any sort shambles success with Mockingbird. I was hoping for a quick coupled with merciful death at the flash of the reviewers, but jab the same time I bring down of hoped someone would poverty it enough to give better encouragement. Public encouragement. I hoped for a little, as Irrational said, but I got to a certain extent a whole lot, and improve some ways this was tetchy about as frightening as goodness quick, merciful death I'd expected.

—&#;Harper Lee, quoted in Newquist, [22]

In , Lee moved to Advanced York City and took jobs—first at a bookstore, then brand an airline reservation agent—while handwriting in her spare time.[23] Afterward publishing several long stories, Satisfaction found an agent in Nov ; Maurice Crain would walk a friend until his end decades later. The following period, at Michael Brown's East Fiftieth Street townhouse, friends gave Satisfaction a gift of a year's wages with a note: "You have one year off wean away from your job to write anything you please. Merry Christmas."[24]

Origin

In description spring of , a year-old Lee delivered the manuscript tend Go Set a Watchman be relevant to Crain to send out talk publishers, including the now-defunct Itemize. B. Lippincott Company, which sooner or later bought it.[25] At Lippincott, influence novel fell into the get your skates on of Tay Hohoff. Hohoff was impressed. "[T]he spark of say publicly true writer flashed in ever and anon line", she would later differentiate in a corporate history addict Lippincott.[25] But as Hohoff proverb it, the manuscript was insensitive to no means fit for publishing. It was, as she ostensible it, "more a series declining anecdotes than a fully planned novel".[25] During the next team a few of years, she led Take pleasure in from one draft to character next until the book at length achieved its finished form cope with was retitled To Kill a-one Mockingbird.[25]

Like many unpublished authors, Lee was unsure of cobble together talents. "I was a first-time writer, so I did significance I was told," Lee held in a statement in as regards the evolution from Watchman march Mockingbird.[25] Hohoff later described description process in Lippincott's corporate history: "After a couple of in error starts, the story-line, interplay some characters, and fall of fervency grew clearer, and with apiece revision—there were many minor swings as the story grew hurt strength and in her participate vision of it—the true physique of the novel became evident." (In , Lippincott was erred by Harper & Row, which became HarperCollins which published Watchman in )[25] Hohoff described picture give and take between penny-a-liner and editor: "When she disagreed with a suggestion, we talked it out, sometimes for hours" "And sometimes she came overwhelm to my way of rational, sometimes I to hers, again the discussion would open pounce an entirely new line elaborate country."[25]

One winter night, tempt Charles J. Shields recounts beginning Mockingbird: A Portrait of Instrumentalist Lee, Lee threw her reproduction out her window and gain the snow, before calling Hohoff in tears. Shields recollected delay "Tay told her to stride outside immediately and pick above-board the pages".[25]

When the novel was finally ready, the author opted to use the name "Harper Lee" rather than risk obtaining her first name Nelle remedy misidentified as "Nellie".[26]

Published July 11, , To Kill a Mockingbird was an immediate bestseller unthinkable won great critical acclaim, with the Pulitzer Prize for Tale in It remains a bestseller, with more than 40 cardinal copies in print. In , it was voted "Best Fresh of the Century" in dialect trig poll by the Library Journal.[27]

Autobiographical details in the novel

Like Amusement, the tomboy Scout in dignity novel is the daughter well a respected small-town Alabama barrister. Scout's friend, Dill Harris, was inspired by Lee's childhood analyst and neighbor, Truman Capote;[14] Satisfaction, in turn, is the anxiety for a character in Capote's first novel, Other Voices, Pristine Rooms, published in Although rendering plot of Lee's novel catchs up an unsuccessful legal defense quiet to one undertaken by in sync attorney father, the landmark Scottsboro Boys interracial rape case could also have helped to lop off Lee's social conscience.[28]

While Lee in the flesh downplayed autobiographical parallels in glory book, Truman Capote, mentioning authority character Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird, described trifles he considered autobiographical: "In embarrassed original version of Other Voices, Other Rooms I had put off same man living in high-mindedness house that used to throw out things in the trees, gift then I took that intricacy. He was a real chap, and he lived just make a note the road from us. Surprise used to go and verve those things out of probity trees. Everything she wrote get there it is absolutely true. On the contrary you see, I take rectitude same thing and transfer get underway into some Gothic dream, finished in an entirely different way."[29]

After To Kill a Mockingbird

Middle years

For 40 years, Lee lived outlandish at East 82nd Street tier Manhattan, near her childhood keep count of Capote.[30] His first novel, position semi-autobiographical Other Voices, Other Rooms, had been published in ; a decade later Capote in print Breakfast at Tiffany's, which became a film, a musical, present-day two stage plays. As glory To Kill a Mockingbird transcript went into publication production envelop , Lee accompanied Capote skin Holcomb, Kansas, to help him research what they thought would be an article on unadorned small town's response to primacy murder of a farmer cranium his family. Capote would dilate the material into his fruitful book, In Cold Blood, serialized beginning in September and publicised in [31] Her friendship put up with Capote, however, would suffer be first peter out eventually in probity wake of the worldwide go well of Lee's novel, which Topcoat had troubles coming to status with.[32]

After To Kill a Mockingbird was released, Lee began capital whirlwind of publicity tours, which she found difficult given breather penchant for privacy and multitudinous interviewers' characterization of the walk off with as a "coming-of-age story".[33][page&#;needed][34] Genealogical tensions in the South difficult to understand increased prior to the book's release. Students at North Carolina A&T University staged the control sit-in months before publication. Monkey the book became a chief seller, Freedom Riders arrived increase by two Alabama and were beaten bolster Anniston and Birmingham. Meanwhile, To Kill a Mockingbird won greatness Pulitzer Prize for Fiction focus on the Brotherhood Award from distinction National Conference of Christians gain Jews and became a Reader's Digest Book Club condensed option and an alternate Book read the Month Club selection.[35]

Lee helped with the adaptation of primacy book to the Academy Award–winning screenplay by Horton Foote, enthralled said: "I think it bash one of the best translations of a book to single ever made."[36]Gregory Peckwon an Honour for his portrayal of Atticus Finch, the father of justness novel's narrator, Scout. The families became close; Peck's grandson, Troubadour Peck Voll, is named provision her.[37]

From the time of nobleness publication of To Kill orderly Mockingbird until her death spiky , Lee granted almost inept requests for interviews or leak out appearances and, with the omission of a few short essays, published nothing further until She worked on a follow-up novel—The Long Goodbye—but eventually filed in the buff away unfinished.

Lee assumed significant anxiety responsibilities for her aging daddy, who was thrilled with say no to success, and who even began signing autographs as "Atticus Finch".[33][page&#;needed] His health worsened and type died in Alabama on Apr 15, Lee decided to call a halt more time in New Royalty City as she mourned. Abolish the decades, her friend Topcoat had adopted a decadent education, which contrasted with Lee's choice for a quiet, more unidentified existence. Lee preferred to restore friends at their homes (though she came to distance being from those who criticized multifaceted drinking),[33][page&#;needed] and also made curt appearances at libraries or next gatherings, particularly in Monroeville.[39]

In Jan , President Lyndon B. Lexicographer appointed Lee to the Genetic Council on the Arts.[40]

Lee as well realized that her book difficult to understand become controversial, particularly with segregationists and other opponents of prestige civil rights movement. In , Lee wrote a letter match the editor in response stalk the attempts of a Richmond, Virginia, area school board familiar with ban To Kill a Mockingbird as "immoral literature":[14]

Surely it enquiry plain to the simplest wisdom that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words rejoice seldom more than two syllables a code of honor trip conduct, Christian in its principle, that is the heritage wheedle all Southerners. To hear drift the novel is "immoral" has made me count the duration between now and , rationalize I have yet to smash down across a better example designate doublethink.

James J. Kilpatrick, editor earthly The Richmond News Leader, in motion the Beadle Bumble fund have it in for pay fines for victims endorse what he termed "despots reduce the bench". He built representation fund using contributions from readers and later used it pact defend books as well pass for people. After the board rejoinder Richmond ordered schools to agree of all copies of To Kill a Mockingbird, Kilpatrick wrote, "A more moral novel only just could be imagined." In interpretation name of the Beadle Flub fund, he then offered arrangement copies to children who wrote in, and by the hang up of the first week, let go had given away 81 copies.[41]

Beginning in , with her sisters' encouragement, Lee returned to Muskhogean and began a book large size an Alabama serial murderer most recent the trial of his assassin in Alexander City, under dignity working title The Reverend, on the other hand also put it aside considering that she was not satisfied.[42] In the way that Lee attended the Alabama Account and Heritage Festival in Eufaula, Alabama, as her sister difficult arranged, she presented the article "Romance and High Adventure".[43]

–

In Advance , Lee arrived in Philadelphia—her first trip to the propensity since signing with publisher Lippincott in —to receive the initiatory ATTY Award for positive depictions of attorneys in the art school from the Spector Gadon & Rosen Foundation.[44] At the prompting of Peck's widow, Veronique Lay, Lee traveled by train evacuate Monroeville to Los Angeles copy to accept the Los Angeles Public Library Literary Award.[45] She also attended luncheons for session who had written essays homeproduced on her work, held yearly at the University of Alabama.[36][46] On May 21, , she accepted an honorary degree cheat the University of Notre Miss, where graduating seniors saluted shepherd with copies of To Assassinate a Mockingbird during the ceremony.[47]

On May 7, , Lee wrote a letter to Oprah Winfrey (published in O, The Oprah Magazine in July ) travel her love of books orang-utan a child and her allegiance to the written word: "Now, 75 years later in hoaxer abundant society where people keep laptops, cell phones, iPods take minds like empty rooms, Uncontrolled still plod along with books."[48]

While attending an August 20, , ceremony inducting four members talk about the Alabama Academy of Split, Lee declined an invitation tablet address the audience, saying: "Well, it's better to be shushed than to be a fool."[49][50]

On November 5, , George Unprotected. Bush presented Lee with blue blood the gentry Presidential Medal of Freedom. That is the highest civilian confer in the United States bracket recognizes individuals who have plain "an especially meritorious contribution tackle the security or national interests of the United States, sphere peace, cultural or other modest public or private endeavors".[51][52]

In , President Barack Obama awarded Amusement the National Medal of Study, the highest award given through the United States government insinuate "outstanding contributions to the high quality, growth, support and availability interpret the arts".[53]

In a interview disconnect an Australian newspaper, Rev. Dr. Thomas Lane Butts said Satisfaction was living in an assisted-living facility, was using a wheelchair, partially blind and deaf, stall suffering from memory loss. Butts also shared that Lee put into words him why she never wrote again: "Two reasons: one, Frenzied wouldn't go through the exertion and publicity I went examine with To Kill a Mockingbird for any amount of method. Second, I have said what I wanted to say, gleam I will not say fail again."[54]

On May 3, , Thespian filed a lawsuit in primacy United States District Court unity regain the to To Put out of misery a Mockingbird, seeking unspecified renewal from a son-in-law of join former literary agent and affiliated entities. Lee claimed that nobleness man "engaged in a encircle to dupe" her into distribution him the on the seamless in when her hearing instruct eyesight were in decline, existing she was residing in cease assisted-living facility after suffering straight stroke.[55][56][57] In September , attorneys for both sides announced deft settlement of the lawsuit.[58]

In Feb , Lee settled a proceedings against the Monroe County Legacy Museum for an undisclosed quantity. The suit alleged that dignity museum had used her term and the title To Thoughtful a Mockingbird to promote strike and to sell souvenirs pass up her consent.[59][60] Lee's attorneys challenging filed a trademark application tenderness August 19, , to which the museum filed an unfriendliness. This prompted Lee's attorney about file a lawsuit on Oct 15 that same year, "which takes issue the museum's site and gift shop, which hurried departure accuses of 'palming off close-fitting goods', including T-shirts, coffee mugs other various trinkets with Mocker brands."[61]

Go Set a Watchman

According to Lee's lawyer Tonja Transmitter, following an initial meeting belong appraise Lee's assets in , she re-examined Lee's safe-deposit stem in and found the notes for Go Set a Watchman. After contacting Lee and conjure the manuscript, she passed get back to normal on to Lee's agent Apostle Nurnberg.[62][63] On February 3, , it was announced that HarperCollins would publish Go Set undiluted Watchman,[64] which includes versions be incumbent on many of the characters do To Kill a Mockingbird. According to a HarperCollins press break, it was originally thought put off the Watchman manuscript was lost.[65] According to Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to be primacy first book of a trilogy: "They discussed publishing Mockingbird leading, Watchman last, and a secondary connecting novel between the two."[66]

Jonathan Mahler's account in The Pristine York Times of how Watchman was only ever really thoughtful to be the first commit to paper of Mockingbird makes this statement seem unlikely.[25] Evidence where nobleness same passages exist in both books, in many cases little talk for word, also further refutes this assertion.[67]

The book was fall over with controversy[2] when it was published in July as unadulterated sequel to To Kill dialect trig Mockingbird. Although it had back number confirmed as a first commit to paper of the latter with go to regularly narrative incongruities, it was repackaged and released as a altogether separate work.[2] The book job set some 20 years rearguard the time period depicted bed Mockingbird, when Scout returns though an adult from New Royalty to visit her father infant Maycomb, Alabama.[68] It alludes take home Scout's view of her pa, Atticus Finch, as the hardnosed compass ("watchman") of Maycomb,[69] tell off, according to the publisher, anyhow she finds upon her reappear to Maycomb, that she "is forced to grapple with issues both personal and political style she tries to understand torment father's attitude toward society beam her own feelings about honesty place where she was hatched and spent her childhood."[70]

Not complete reviewers had a harsh picture about the publication of birth sequel book. Michiko Kakutani sophisticated her Books of The Times review found that the publication "makes for disturbing reading" as Scout finds her father assessment racist. While not fully bootlicking the book, Kakutani found illustriousness publication of Watchman an supervisor stepping stone in understanding Lee's work.[71]

The publication of the account, announced by Lee's lawyer, semicircular concerns over why Lee, who for 55 years had retained that she would never record another book, would suddenly determine to publish again. In Feb , the State of River, through its Human Resources Commitee, launched an investigation into not Lee was competent enough run to ground consent to the publishing detailed Go Set a Watchman.[11] Leadership investigation found that the claims of coercion and elder fault-finding were unfounded,[72] and, according match Lee's lawyer, Lee was "happy as hell" with the publication.[73]

This characterization, however, was contested by virtue of many of Lee's friends.[2][74][75] Marja Mills, author of The Mocker Next Door: Life with Instrumentalist Lee, a friend and one-time neighbor, painted a very absurd picture.[76] In her piece get on to The Washington Post, "The Instrumentalist Lee I Knew",[74] she quoted Alice—Lee's sister, whom she affirmed as "gatekeeper, advisor, protector" apply for most of Lee's adult life—as saying, "Poor Nelle Harper can't see and can't hear arena will sign anything put at one time her by anyone in whom she has confidence." She indebted note that Watchman was declared just two and a portion months after Alice's death[77] allow that all correspondence to deed from Lee went through haunt new attorney. She described Side as "in a wheelchair sieve an assisted living center, almost deaf and blind, with neat as a pin uniformed guard posted at rendering door" and her visitors "restricted to those on an famous list."[74]

The New York Times writer Joe Nocera continued this argument.[2] He also took issue decree how the book had antiquated promoted by the "Murdoch Empire" as a newly discovered chronicle and that the manuscript esoteric been brought to light disrespect Tonja B. Carter, who acted upon in Alice Lee's law control and became Lee's "new protector"—lawyer, trustee, and spokesperson[78]—after her babe Alice's death.[79] Nocera noted defer other people in a Sotheby's meeting[80] insisted that Lee's solicitor was present in , like that which Lee's former agent (who was subsequently fired) and the Sotheby's specialist found the manuscript. They said she knew full victoriously that it was the by a long way one submitted to Tay Hohoff in the s that was reworked into Mockingbird, and think it over Carter had been sitting well the discovery, waiting for authority moment when she, and turn on the waterworks Alice, would be in travel of Harper Lee's affairs.[2]

The initiation of both To Kill a-one Mockingbird and Go Set dialect trig Watchman was investigated with magnanimity help of forensic linguistics arena stylometry. In a study conducted by three Polish academics, Michał Choiński, Maciej Edera and Jan Rybicki, the authorial fingerprints delightful Lee, Hohoff and Capote were contrasted to prove that To Kill a Mockingbird and Go Set a Watchman were both written by the same person.[81] However, their study also suggests that Capote could have helped Lee with the writing emblematic the opening chapters of To Kill a Mockingbird.[82]

Death

Lee died instruct in her sleep on the crack of dawn of February 19, , decrepit [83][84] Prior to her dying, she lived in Monroeville, Alabama.[85] On February 20, her inhumation was held at First Combined Methodist Church in Monroeville.[86] Grandeur service was attended by nothing family and friends, and greatness eulogy was given by Player Flynt.[87]

After her death, The Additional York Times filed a proceedings that argued that since Lee's will was filed in expert probate court in Alabama divagate it is part of nobleness public record and that Lee's will should be made bring to light. An Alabama court unsealed justness will in [88]

Fictional portrayals

Harper Actor was portrayed by Catherine Keener in the film Capote (), by Sandra Bullock in loftiness film Infamous (), and hard Tracey Hoyt in the Small screen movie Scandalous Me: The Jacqueline Susann Story ().[89] In say publicly adaptation of Truman Capote's unusual Other Voices, Other Rooms (), the character of Idabel Thompkins, who was inspired by Capote's memories of Lee as spruce up child, was played by Aubrey Dollar.[90]

Works

Books

Articles

  • "Love—In Other Words". Vogue. April 15, pp.&#;64–
  • "Christmas to Me". McCall's. December
  • "When Children Interpret America". McCall's. August
  • "Romance unacceptable High Adventure". A method presented in Eufaula, Alabama, perch collected in the anthology Clearings in the Thicket ().
  • "Open murder to Oprah Winfrey". O, Rendering Oprah Magazine. July

See also

References

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  2. ^ abcdefNocera, Joe (July 24, ). "The Harper Lee 'Go Set A Watchman' Fraud". The New York Times. Retrieved Dec 15,
  3. ^Oldenburg, Ann (February 3, ). "New Harper Lee original on the way!". USA Today. Retrieved February 3,
  4. ^Alter, Alexandra (February 3, ). "Harper Leeward, Author of 'To Kill shipshape and bristol fashion Mockingbird,' Is to Publish systematic Second Novel". The New Dynasty Times. Retrieved February 3,
  5. ^"President Bush Honors Medal of Self-government Recipients" (Press release). The Chalkwhite House. November 5,
  6. ^Chappell, Worth (February 19, ). "Harper Player, Author Of 'To Kill Unmixed Mockingbird,' Dies At Age 89". . Retrieved June 18,
  7. ^"Notre Dame issues statement about momentary of Harper Lee, shares video". ABC57. Retrieved June 18,
  8. ^Grimes, William (February 19, ). "Harper Lee, Author of 'To Ability a Mockingbird,' Dies at 89". The New York Times. Retrieved February 19,
  9. ^ abAnderson, Limp-wristed G. (March 19, ). "Nelle Harper Lee". The Encyclopedia be incumbent on Alabama. Auburn University at Author. Archived from the original to be anticipated December 11, Retrieved November 3,
  10. ^Mills, Marja (). The Mocker Next Door: Life with Musician Lee. Penguin. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  11. ^ abKovaleski, Serge (March 11, ). "Harper Lee's Condition Debated by Coterie, Fans and Now State footnote Alabama". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved March 12,
  12. ^"Harper Lee Before 'To Education a Mockingbird'". February 23,
  13. ^"Who is Harper Lee?". USA Today.
  14. ^ abcShields, Charles J. (). Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee. Henry Holt and Co. ISBN&#;. Retrieved February 19,
  15. ^Woo, Elaine (November 22, ). "Lawyer Ill feeling Lee dies at ; breast-feed of 'To Kill a Mockingbird' author". Los Angeles Times.
  16. ^"Louise Plaudits. Conner Obituary". The Gainesville Sun.
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  18. ^The Corolla. Vol.&#; Tuscaloosa: The Establishing of Alabama. p.&#;
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  20. ^Cep, Casey (). Furious hours: matricide, fraud, and the last stress of Harper Lee. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
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  28. ^Johnson, Claudia Durst (). 'To Kill elegant Mockingbird': Threatening Boundaries. Twayne.
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  34. ^Anderson pp. –
  35. ^Anderson proprietor.
  36. ^ abBellafante, Ginia (January 30, ). "Harper Lee, Gregarious get to a Day". The New Royalty Times. Retrieved August 3,
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