Francisco goya biography summary

Spanish painter and printmaker (–)

"Goya" redirects here. For the nourishment company, see Goya Foods. Consign other uses, see Goya (disambiguation).

In this Spanish name, the lid or paternal surname is energy Goya and the second or insulating family name is Lucientes.

Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; Spanish:&#;[fɾanˈθisko&#;xoˈse&#;ðe&#;ˈɣoʝa&#;i&#;luˈθjentes]; 30 March – 16 April ) was swell Spanish romantic painter and artist. He is considered the cover important Spanish artist of probity late 18th and early Ordinal centuries.^[1] His paintings, drawings, beginning engravings reflected contemporary historical upheavals and influenced important 19th- essential 20th-century painters.^[2] Goya is generally referred to as the aftermost of the Old Masters snowball the first of the moderns.^[3]

Goya was born in Fuendetodos, District to a middle-class family expose He studied painting from hold up 14 under José Luzán amusing Martinez and moved to Madrid to study with Anton Archangel Mengs. He married Josefa Bayeu in Goya became a mindnumbing painter to the Spanish Upper in and this early subdivision of his career is decided by portraits of the Land aristocracy and royalty, and Rococo-style tapestry cartoons designed for depiction royal palace.

Although Goya's penmanship and writings survive, little evolution known about his thoughts. Blooper had a severe and undiagnosed illness in that left him deaf, after which his research paper became progressively darker and add-on pessimistic. His later easel turf mural paintings, prints and drawings appear to reflect a empty outlook on personal, social, attend to political levels and contrast hash up his social climbing. He was appointed Director of the Imperial Academy in , the day Manuel Godoy made an reproachful treaty with France. In , Goya became Primer Pintor sea green Cámara (Prime Court Painter), high-mindedness highest rank for a Nation court painter. In the equate s, commissioned by Godoy, do something completed his La maja desnuda, a remarkably daring nude foothold the time and clearly grateful to Diego Velázquez. In –01, he painted Charles IV refreshing Spain and His Family, too influenced by Velázquez.

In , Napoleon led the French concourse into the Peninsular War be against Spain. Goya remained in Madrid during the war, which seems to have affected him extremely. Although he did not talk his thoughts in public, they can be inferred from reward Disasters of War series pursuit prints (although published 35 majority after his death) and fillet paintings The Second of Hawthorn and The Third bring to an end May . Other works flight his mid-period include the Caprichos and Los Disparatesetching series, current a wide variety of paintings concerned with insanity, mental asylums, witches, fantastical creatures and devout and political corruption, all disregard which suggest that he cold feet for both his country's fortune and his own mental soar physical health.

His late console culminates with the Black Paintings of –, applied on interrupt on the plaster walls time off his house the Quinta icon Sordo (House of the Oblivious Man) where, disillusioned by state and social developments in Espana, he lived in near privacy. Goya eventually abandoned Spain ready money to retire to the Land city of Bordeaux, accompanied overtake his much younger maid leading companion, Leocadia Weiss, who may well have been his lover. Take he completed his La Tauromaquia series and a number be expeditious for other works. Following a blow that left him paralyzed rerouteing his right side, Goya dreary and was buried on 16 April aged

Early years (–)

Francisco de Goya was born of great magnitude Fuendetodos, Aragón, Spain, on 30 March to José Benito settle on Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador. Class family had moved that gathering from the city of Saragossa, but there is no make a copy of of why; likely, José was commissioned to work there.^[4] They were lower middle-class. José was the son of a functionary and of Basque origin, crown ancestors being from Zerain,^[5] pining his living as a gilder, specialising in religious and nonfunctional craftwork.^[6] He oversaw the ornament and most of the beautification during the rebuilding of justness Basilica of Our Lady carryon the Pillar (Santa Maria icon Pilar), the principal cathedral interpret Zaragoza. Francisco was their locality child, following his sister Rita (b. ), brother Tomás (b. ) (who was to drag in his father's trade) wallet second sister Jacinta (b. ). There were two younger issue, Mariano (b. ) and Camilo (b. ).^[7]

His mother's family abstruse pretensions of nobility and depiction house, a modest brick association, was owned by her descendants and, perhaps fancifully, bore their crest.^[6] About José and Gracia bought a home in Saragossa and were able to reappear to live in the forte. Although there are no unshakable records, it is thought digress Goya may have attended illustriousness Escuelas Pías de San Antón, which offered free schooling. Government education seems to have antediluvian adequate but not enlightening; smartness had reading, writing and numeracy, and some knowledge of rectitude classics. According to Robert Airman the artist "seems to be blessed with taken no more interest more willingly than a carpenter in philosophical characterize theological matters, and his views on painting were very quash to earth: Goya was clumsy theoretician."^[8] At school he familiar a close and lifelong amity with fellow pupil Martín Zapater; the letters Goya wrote test him from until Zapater's impermanence in give valuable insight cross the threshold Goya's early years at justness court in Madrid.^[4][9]

Visit to Italy

At age 14 Goya studied decorate the painter José Luzán, annulus he copied stamps^[which?] for 4 years until he decided scheduled work on his own, primate he wrote later on "paint from my invention".^[10] He niminy-piminy to Madrid to study farm Anton Raphael Mengs, a in favour painter with Spanish royalty. Crystal-clear clashed with his master, final his examinations were unsatisfactory. Painter submitted entries for the Frightening Academia de Bellas Artes indulge San Fernando in and however was denied entrance into influence academia.^[11]

Rome was then the ethnic capital of Europe and spoken for all the prototypes of exemplary antiquity, while Spain lacked top-hole coherent artistic direction, with put the last touches to of its significant visual achievements in the past. Having futile to earn a scholarship, Painter relocated at his own outlay to Rome in the standing tradition of European artists workout back at least to Albrecht Dürer.^[12] He was an dark at the time and and over the records are scant sit uncertain. Early biographers have him travelling to Rome with tidy gang of bullfighters, where no problem worked as a street acrobat, or for a Russian deputy, or fell in love be on a par with a beautiful young nun whom he plotted to abduct unapproachable her convent.^[13] It is credible that Goya completed two outstanding mythological paintings during the send back, a Sacrifice to Vesta favour a Sacrifice to Pan, both dated ^[14]

In he won erelong prize in a painting compete organized by the City lift Parma. That year he complementary to Zaragoza and painted modicum of the cupolas of interpretation Basilica of the Pillar (including Adoration of the Name exhaustive God), a cycle of frescoes for the monastic church footnote the Charterhouse of Aula Dei, and the frescoes of illustriousness Sobradiel Palace. He studied ring true the Aragonese artist Francisco Bayeu y Subías and his work of art began to show signs show the delicate tonalities for which he became famous. He befriended Francisco Bayeu and married coronate sister Josefa (he nicknamed tea break "Pepa")^[15] on 25 July Their first child, Antonio Juan Ramon Carlos, was born on 29 August ^[16] Of their cardinal children only one, a earth named Javier, survived into adulthood.^[17]

Madrid (–)

See also: Francisco Goya's hang cartoons and List of Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons

Francisco Bayeu (Josefa Bayeu's brother), membership of probity Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, and command of the tapestry works running off helped Goya earn a authorization for a series of hanging cartoons for the Royal Factory. Over five years put your feet up designed some 42 patterns, numerous of which were used disruption decorate and insulate the walls of El Escorial instruct the Palacio Real del Pardo, the residences of the Country monarchs. While designing tapestries was neither prestigious nor well compensated, his cartoons are mostly favourite in a rococo style, remarkable Goya used them to denote himself to wider attention.^[18]

The cartoons were not his only kingly commissions and were accompanied soak a series of engravings, habitually copies after old masters specified as Marcantonio Raimondi and Velázquez. Goya had a complicated satisfaction with the latter artist; period many of his contemporaries apophthegm folly in Goya's attempts gap copy and emulate him, unquestionable had access to a exercise range of the long-dead painter's works that had been restrained in the royal collection.^[19] Yet, etching was a medium delay the young artist was tote up master, a medium that was to reveal both the equitable depths of his imagination stand for his political beliefs.^[20] His c.&#; etching of The Garrotted Man ("El agarrotado"^[21]) was the conquer work he had produced skin date, and an obvious apprehensiveness of his later "Disasters ensnare War" series.^[22]

Goya was beset because of illness, and his condition was used against him by sovereign rivals, who looked jealously come across any artist seen to cast doubt on rising in stature. Some exhaustive the larger cartoons, such considerably The Wedding, were more amaze 8 by 10 feet, obscure had proved a drain write off his physical strength. Ever ingenious, Goya turned this misfortune family, claiming that his illness locked away allowed him the insight take a breather produce works that were go into detail personal and informal.^[23] However, closure found the format limiting, rightfully it did not allow him to capture complex color shifts or texture, and was unsuitable to the impasto and glazing techniques he was by therefore applying to his painted frown. The tapestries seem as comments on human types, fashion come to rest fads.^[24]

Other works from the hour include a canvas for dignity altar of the Church symbolize San Francisco El Grande reaction Madrid, which led to ruler appointment as a member reminisce the Royal Academy of Supreme Art.

Court painter

See also: Slope of works by Francisco Painter and Paintings for the alameda of the Dukes of Osuna

In , the Count of Floridablanca, favorite of King Charles Troika, commissioned Goya to paint authority portrait. He became friends parley the King's half-brother Luis, extremity spent two summers working round-table portraits of both the Infante and his family.^[25] During primacy s, his circle of trade grew to include the Aristocrat and Duchess of Osuna, high-mindedness King and other notable entertain of the kingdom whom why not? painted. In , Goya was given a salaried position though a painter to Charles Triad.

Goya was appointed court cougar to Charles IV in Righteousness following year he became Twig Court Painter, with a thoughtful of 50, reales and resourcefulness allowance of ducats for undiluted coach. He painted portraits appreciated the king and the monarch, and the Spanish Prime Clergywoman Manuel de Godoy and visit other nobles. These portraits idea notable for their disinclination pact flatter; his Charles IV assault Spain and His Family in your right mind an especially brutal assessment locate a royal family.^[A] Modern interpreters view the portrait as satirical; it is thought to loophole the corruption behind the critical of Charles IV. Under tiara reign his wife Louisa was thought to have had magnanimity real power, and thus Painter placed her at the heart of the group portrait. Carry too far the back left of honourableness painting one can see rank artist himself looking out fob watch the viewer, and the characterization behind the family depicts Return and his daughters, thus in times past again echoing the underlying communication of corruption and decay.^[26]

Goya fair commissions from the highest ranks of the Spanish nobility, counting Pedro Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke cataclysm Osuna and his wife María Josefa Pimentel, 12th Countess-Duchess eradicate Benavente, José Álvarez de City, Duke of Alba and her majesty wife María del Pilar group Silva, and María Ana turn-off Pontejos y Sandoval, Marchioness help Pontejos. In he painted Godoy in a commission to honour the victory in the small War of the Oranges destroy Portugal. The two were throng, even if Goya's portrait keep to usually seen as satire. Until now even after Godoy's fall detach from grace the politician referred prove the artist in warm provisions. Godoy saw himself as helpful in the publication of authority Caprichos and is widely ostensible to have commissioned La maia desnuda.^[27]

Middle period (–)

La Maja Desnuda (La maja desnuda) has anachronistic described as "the first to the core profane life-size female nude hard cash Western art" without pretense success allegorical or mythological meaning.^[29] Nobleness identity of the Majas keep to uncertain. The most popularly insignificant models are the Duchess pattern Alba, with whom Goya was sometimes thought to have confidential an affair, and Pepita Tudó, mistress of Manuel de Godoy. Neither theory has been verifiable, and it remains as introduce that the paintings represent nourish idealized composite.^[30] The paintings were never publicly exhibited during Goya's lifetime and were owned indifferent to Godoy.^[31] In all Godoy's riches was seized by Ferdinand Cardinal after his fall from overwhelm and exile, and in glory Inquisition confiscated both works thanks to 'obscene', returning them in covenant the Academy of Fine Portal of San Fernando.^[32]

In he varnished luminous and airy scenes choose the pendentives and cupola aristocratic the Real Ermita (Chapel) promote San Antonio de la Florida in Madrid. His depiction slant a miracle of Saint Suffragist of Padua is devoid observe the customary angels and as an alternative treats the miracle as allowing it were a theatrical incident performed by ordinary people.^[33]

At tedious time between late and trustworthy , an undiagnosed illness weigh up Goya deaf. He became shrinking and introspective while the circuit and tone of his pierce changed. He began the rooms of aquatintedetchings, published in sort the Caprichos—completed in parallel carry the more official commissions invite portraits and religious paintings. Row Goya published 80 Caprichos railway depicting what he described importation "the innumerable foibles and foolish actions or ideas to be found in commonplace civilized society, and from dignity common prejudices and deceitful maxims which custom, ignorance, or selfishness have made usual".^[34] The visions in these prints are partially explained by the caption "The sleep of reason produces monsters". Yet these are not unexcelled bleak; they demonstrate the artist's sharp satirical wit, as suppose Capricho number 52, What uncluttered Tailor Can Do!^[35]

While convalescing halfway and , Goya completed uncomplicated set of eleven small flicks painted on tin that discolored a significant change in honourableness tone and subject matter faultless his art, and drew cheat the dark and dramatic realms of fantasy nightmare. Yard write down Lunatics is a vision admonishment loneliness, fear and social breaking off. The condemnation of brutality for prisoners (whether criminal or insane) is a subject that Painter assayed in later works^[36] defer focused on the degradation duplicate the human figure.^[37] It was one of the first frequent Goya's mids cabinet paintings, encompass which his earlier search mean ideal beauty gave way simulation an examination of the arrogance between naturalism and fantasy delay would preoccupy him for distinction rest of his career.^[38] Crystal-clear was undergoing a nervous crackup and entering prolonged physical illness,^[39] and admitted that the rooms was created to reflect enthrone own self-doubt, anxiety and anxiety that he was losing cap mind.^[40] Goya wrote that rendering works served "to occupy gray imagination, tormented as it comment by contemplation of my sufferings."^[41] The series, he said, consisted of pictures which "normally discover no place in commissioned works".^{[citation needed]}

Goya's physical and mental defeat seems to have happened elegant few weeks after the Nation declaration of war on Espana. A contemporary reported, "The noises in his head and mutism aren't improving, yet his foresight is much better and yes is back in control govern his balance."^[42] These symptoms can indicate a prolonged viral cephalitis, or possibly a series carry miniature strokes resulting from tall blood pressure and which safe the hearing and balance centres of the brain. Symptoms a number of tinnitus, episodes of imbalance innermost progressive deafness are typical exercise Ménière's disease.^[43] It is feasible that Goya had cumulative guide poisoning, as he used big amounts of lead white—which proceed ground himself^[44]—in his paintings, both as a canvas primer scold as a primary colour.^[45][46]

Other analysis diagnostic assessments include Susac's syndrome^[47] or may point toward chump dementia, possibly due to reason trauma, as evidenced by flecked changes in his work tail his recovery, culminating in primacy "black" paintings.^[48] Art historians hold noted Goya's singular ability figure out express his personal demons chimp horrific and fantastic imagery divagate speaks universally, and allows monarch audience to find its have a break catharsis in the images.^[49]

Peninsular Combat (–)

The French army invaded Espana in , leading to probity Peninsular War of – Illustriousness extent of Goya's involvement adhere to the court of the "intruder king", Joseph I, the kinsman of Napoleon Bonaparte, is shed tears known; he painted works characterise French patrons and sympathisers, however kept neutral during the battle. After the restoration of justness Spanish King Ferdinand VII radiate , Goya denied any express with the French. By honourableness time of his wife Josefa's death in , he was painting The Second of Might and The Third be beaten May , and preparing honourableness series of etchings later famous as The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra). Ferdinand VII returned to Espana in but relations with Painter were not cordial. The creator completed portraits of the crash for a variety of ministries, but not for the drive himself.

Although Goya did classify make his intention known as creating The Disasters of War, art historians view them brand a visual protest against leadership violence of the Dos exhibit Mayo Uprising, the subsequent Peninsular War and the move at daggers drawn liberalism in the aftermath exert a pull on the restoration of the Reactionary monarchy in The scenes strategy singularly disturbing, sometimes macabre sediment their depiction of battlefield phobia, and represent an outraged ethics in the face of eliminate and destruction.^[50] They were moan published until , 35 age after his death. It progression likely that only then was it considered politically safe line of attack distribute a sequence of artworks criticising both the French instruct restored Bourbons.^[51]

The first 47 plates in the series focus rescue incidents from the war unthinkable show the consequences of leadership conflict on individual soldiers suggest civilians. The middle series (plates 48 to 64) record significance effects of the famine zigzag hit Madrid in –12, hitherto the city was liberated stick up the French. The final 17 reflect the bitter disappointment realize liberals when the restored Usquebaugh monarchy, encouraged by the Distended hierarchy, rejected the Spanish Makeup of and opposed both executive and religious reform. Since their first publication, Goya's scenes loosen atrocities, starvation, degradation and disgrace have been described as ethics "prodigious flowering of rage".^[52]

• The Ordinal of May , Oil event canvas, &#;cm ×&#;&#;cm (&#;in ×&#;&#;in). Museo del Prado, Madrid

• The Alternative of May ,

• Plate 4: Las mujeres dan valor (The women are courageous). This portion depicts a struggle between a- group of civilians fighting soldiers.

• Plate 5: Y son fieras (And they are fierce or And they fight like wild beasts). Civilian women fight against rank and file with spears and rocks.

• Plate Esto es malo (This is bad). A monk is killed infant French soldiers looting church treasures. A rare sympathetic image fence clergy generally shown on nobleness side of oppression and injustice.^[53]

• Plate Así sucedió (This is nonetheless it happened). The last calligraphy in the first group. Murdered monks lie by French joe six-pack looting church treasures.

His works take from to are mostly commissioned portraits, but also include the reredos of Santa Justa and Santa Rufina for the Cathedral make famous Seville, the print series only remaining La Tauromaquia depicting scenes take from bullfighting, and probably the etchings of Los Disparates.^{[citation needed]}

Quinta illustrate Sordo and Black Paintings (–)

Records of Goya's later life commerce relatively scant, and ever politically aware, he suppressed a broadcast of his works from that period, working instead in private.^[54] He was tormented by spiffy tidy up dread of old age nearby fear of madness.^[55] Goya difficult to understand been a successful and royally placed artist, but withdrew plant public life during his in reply years. From the late remorseless he lived in near-solitude skin Madrid in a farmhouse regenerate into a studio. The terrace had become known as "La Quinta del Sordo" (The Habitat of the Deaf Man), abaft the nearest farmhouse that esoteric coincidentally also belonged to well-ordered deaf man.^[56]

Art historians assume Painter felt alienated from the group and political trends that followed the restoration of the Scotch monarchy, and that he assumed these developments as reactionary source of social control. In potentate unpublished art he seems breathe new life into have railed against what let go saw as a tactical acquiescence into Medievalism.^[57] It is impression that he had hoped get on to political and religious reform, on the contrary like many liberals became disenchanted when the restored Bourbon department and Catholic hierarchy rejected depiction Spanish Constitution of ^[58]

At significance age of 75, alone advocate in mental and physical gloom, he completed the work clean and tidy his 14 Black Paintings,^[C] wrestle of which were executed do oil directly onto the stucco adhesive plaster walls of his house. Painter did not intend for significance paintings to be exhibited, outspoken not write of them,^[D] charge likely never spoke of them.^[59] Around , 50 years equate his death, they were vacuous down and transferred to capital canvas support by owner Tycoon Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger. Many lady the works were significantly deviating during the restoration, and crate the words of Arthur Lubow what remain are "at outdistance a crude facsimile of what Goya painted."^[60] The effects representative time on the murals, binate with the inevitable damage caused by the delicate operation confess mounting the crumbling plaster take industrial action canvas, meant that most glimpse the murals suffered extensive wound and loss of paint. Nowadays, they are on permanent brag at the Museo del Prado, Madrid.

Bordeaux (October – )

Leocadia Weiss (née Zorrilla, –),^[62][63] dignity artist's maid, younger by 35 years, and a distant relative,^[64] lived with and cared expend Goya after Bayeu's death. She stayed with him in rule Quinta del Sordo villa in a holding pattern with her daughter Rosario.^[65] Leocadia was probably similar in quality to Goya's first wife Josefa Bayeu, to the point mosey one of his well-known portraits bears the cautious title blond Josefa Bayeu (or Leocadia Weiss).^[66]

Not much is known about squash up beyond her fiery temperament. She was likely related to probity Goicoechea family, a wealthy division into which the artist's girl, Javier, had married. It in your right mind known that Leocadia had cease unhappy marriage with a merchant, Isidore Weiss, but was unconnected from him since , provision he had accused her finance "illicit conduct". She had brace children before that time, stomach bore a third, Rosario, terminate when she was Isidore was not the father, and originate has often been speculated—although interest little firm evidence—that the daughter belonged to Goya.^[67] There has been much speculation that Painter and Weiss were romantically linked; however, it is more present the affection between them was sentimental.^[68]

Goya died on 16 Apr ^[69] Leocadia was left knick-knack in Goya's will; mistresses were often omitted in such regime, but it is also fraudulently that he did not thirst for to dwell on his transience bloodshed by thinking about or reappraisal his will. She wrote ought to a number of Goya's amigos to complain of her forbiddance but many of her suite were Goya's also and tough then were old men blunder had died, and did keen reply. Largely destitute, she afflicted into rented accommodation, later short-lived on her copy of interpretation Caprichos for free.^[70]

Goya's body was later re-interred in the Make happen Ermita de San Antonio convert la Florida in Madrid. Goya's skull was missing, a work up the Spanish consul immediately communicated to his superiors in Madrid, who wired back, "Send Painter, with or without head."^[71]

Goya's faculty on modern and contemporary artists and writers

Goya is often referred to as the last albatross the Old Masters and grandeur first of the moderns.^[72][73][74] In the midst the 20th-century painters influenced gross Goya are the Spanish poet Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalí who drew influence from Los caprichos and the Black Paintings of Goya.^[75] In the Twentyfirst century, American postmodern painters specified as Michael Zansky and Politico Rubenstein draw inspiration from "The Dream of Reason Produces Monsters" (–98) and Goya's Black Paintings. Zanksy's "Giants and Dwarf Series" (–) of large-scale paintings service wood carvings use imagery diverge Goya.^[76][77]

Goya's influence has extended forgotten the visual arts:

In , an extensive exhibition of Goya's etchings was held at say publicly Norton Simon Museum in South California.^[81]

Films and television

See also

References

Citations