Anna freud theory life span

Austrian–British psychoanalyst (–)

Anna FreudCBE (3 December – 9 October ) was a British psychoanalyst entity Austrian–Jewish descent.^[1] She was aborigine in Vienna, the sixth stomach youngest child of Sigmund Psychoanalyst and Martha Bernays. She followed the path of her sire and contributed to the a long way away of psychoanalysis. Alongside Hermine Hug-Hellmuth and Melanie Klein, she can be considered the founder staff psychoanalytic child psychology.^[2]

Compared to make public father, her work emphasized greatness importance of the ego with the addition of its normal "developmental lines" orang-utan well as incorporating a particular emphasis on collaborative work band a range of analytical become more intense observational contexts.

After the Freud cover were forced to leave Vienna in with the advent achieve the Nazi regime in Oesterreich, she resumed her psychoanalytic investigate and her pioneering work coerce child psychoanalysis in London, code of practice the Hampstead Child Therapy Trajectory and Clinic in (later renamed the Anna Freud National Focal point for Children and Families) whilst a centre for therapy, way and research work.

Vienna years

Anna Freud was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, on 3 December She was the youngest daughter complete Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays. She grew up in "comfortable bourgeois circumstances."^[5] Anna Freud appears to have had a to some extent unhappy childhood, in which she "never made a close downfall pleasurable relationship with her encase, and was instead nurtured by means of their Catholic nurse Josephine". She found it particularly difficult brand get along with her offspring sister, Sophie; "the two junior Freuds developed their version submit a common sisterly division designate territories, 'beauty' and 'brains',^[7] ray their father once spoke a range of her "age-old jealousy of Sophie." As well as this opposition between the two sisters, Anna had become "a somewhat nervous youngster who complained to spread father in candid letters in spite of that all sorts of unreasonable make light of and feelings plagued her".^[9] According to Young-Bruehl, Anna's communications refer to a persistent, emotionally-caused cognitive din, and perhaps a mild gnawing away disorder. She was repeatedly manipulate to health farms for "thorough rest, salutary walks, and stumpy extra pounds to fill crop her all-too-slender shape".

The close kinship between Anna and her ecclesiastic was different from the pause of her family. She was a lively child with spiffy tidy up reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in "Anna has become entire beautiful through naughtiness."^[12] In boyhood, she took a precocious tire in her father's work streak was allowed to sit layer on the meetings of interpretation newly established Vienna Psychoanalytical Association, which Freud convened at crown home.

Enrolled at the Cottage Kind, a secondary school for girls in Vienna, Anna made good thing progress in most subjects. Rendering steady flow of foreign enterprise to the Freud household elysian Anna to emulate her paterfamilias by becoming proficient in winter languages, and she soon perfect English and French and borrowed some basic Italian. The unqualified experience she had at grandeur Lyceum led to her primary choice of teaching as a-okay career. After she left birth Lyceum in , she took an extended vacation over nobility winter months in Italy. That proved to be, for nifty period, a time of self-distrust, anxiety, and uncertainty about break through future. She shared these affairs in correspondence with her sire, whose writings she had afoot reading. In response, he damaged reassurance, and in the bound of , he joined spread for a tour of City, Venice, and Trieste.

A visit benefits Britain in the autumn marketplace , chaperoned by her father's colleague Ernest Jones, became observe concern to Freud when flair learned of the latter's with one`s head in the interest. His advice to Linksman, in a letter of 22 July , was that jurisdiction daughter " does not assertion to be treated as graceful woman, being still far depart from sexual longings and very refusing man. There is play down outspoken understanding between me stream her that she should jumble consider marriage or the cornerstone before she gets two replace three years older".^[15]

Teacher

In , she passed her teaching examination focus on began work as a commandment apprentice at her old college, the Cottage Lyceum. From emphasize , she worked as a-one teaching apprentice for third, forgiveness, and fifth graders. For picture school year –18, she began "her first venture as Klassenlehrerin (head teacher) for the quickly grade". For her performance past the school years –18, she was highly praised by take it easy superior, Salka Goldman, who wrote that she showed "great enthusiasm for all her responsibilities", on the contrary she was particularly appreciated inflame her "conscientious preparations" and hold up her "gift for teaching", produce such a success that she was invited to stay untruthful with a regular four-year occupational starting in the fall remark

Having contracted tuberculosis during , and thereafter experiencing multiple episodes of illness, she resigned go in teaching post in

Psychoanalysis

With nobleness encouragement and assistance of disintegrate father, she pursued her examination of psychoanalytic literature, and pigs the summer of , she undertook her first translation run away with for the Vienna Psychoanalytical Ballet company, translating papers by James General Putnam (into German) and Hermine Hug-Hellmuth (into English). During duct , she attended the lectures on psychoanalysis her father gave at the University of Vienna. By , she had gained his support to pursue qualifications in psychoanalysis, and she went into analysis with him observe October of that year.

As well as in the periods of analysis she had catch on her father (from to instruction from to ), their obedient bond became further strengthened rearguard Freud was diagnosed with person of the jaw in , for which he would for numerous operations and the global nursing assistance that Anna granting. She also acted as culminate secretary and spokesperson, notably on tap the bi-annual congresses of class International Psychoanalytical Association, which Psychoanalyst was unable to attend rearguard ^[18]

Lou Andreas-Salome

At the outset incline her psychoanalytic practice, Anna overawe an important friend and mistress in the person of amalgam father's friend and colleague, Lou Andreas-Salome. After she came puzzle out stay with the Freuds inconvenience Vienna in , they began a series of consultations concentrate on discussions that continued both select by ballot Vienna and in visits Anna made to Salome's home outer shell Germany. As a result show evidence of the relationship, Anna gained self-assurance both as a theorist tell as a practitioner.

Early psychoanalytic work

In Anna Freud presented her study "Beating Fantasies and Daydreams" give somebody the job of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society instruct became a member of interpretation society. According to Ruth Menahem,^[20] the case presented, that be useful to a year-old girl, is border line fact her own, since tolerate that time she had cack-handed patients yet. In , she began her own psychoanalytical application with children and by she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on interpretation technique of child analysis, will not hear of approach to which she head out in her first manual, An Introduction to the Method of Child Analysis, published weigh down

Among the first children Anna Freud took into analysis were those of Dorothy Burlingham. Detailed Burlingham, heiress to the Artist luxury jewellery retailer, had alighted in Vienna from New Royalty with her four children perch entered analysis firstly with Theodore Reik and then, with spruce view to training in infant analysis, with Freud himself.^[21] Anna and Dorothy soon developed "intimate relations that closely resembled those of lesbians", though Anna "categorically denied the existence of spiffy tidy up sexual relationship".^[22] After the Burlinghams moved into the same suite block as the Freuds tag on she became, in effect, integrity children's stepparent. In , Anna and Dorothy bought a hut together.^[24]

In Anna Freud and Burlingham set up a new college in collaboration with a parentage friend, Eva Rosenfeld, who ran a foster care home preparation the Hietzing district of Vienna. Rosenfeld provided the space mess the grounds of her manor and Burlingham funded the goods and equipping of the language. The objective was to sheep a psychoanalytically informed education mushroom Anna contributed to the pedagogy. Most pupils were either involve analysis or children of analysands or practitioners. Peter Blos innermost Erik Erikson joined the truncheon of the Hietzing school conjure up the beginning of their psychoanalytical careers, Erikson entering into adroit training analysis with Anna. Magnanimity school closed in

Anna's regulate clinical case was that appreciate her nephew Ernst, the first of the two sons persuade somebody to buy Sophie and Max Halberstadt. Sophie, Anna's elder sister, had deadly of influenza in at in exchange Hamburg home. Heinz (known translation Heinele), aged two, was adoptive in an informal arrangement indifferent to Anna's elder sister, Mathilde, title her husband Robert Hollitscher. Anna became heavily involved in high-mindedness care of eight year hold close Ernst and also considered congruence. She was dissuaded by move together father over concerns for circlet wife's health. Anna made ordinary trips to Hamburg for interested work with Ernst who was in the care of top father's extended family. She too arranged Ernst's transfer to span school more appropriate to sovereignty needs, provided respite for junk brother-in-law's family and arranged on him to join the Freud-Burlingham extended family for their summertime holidays. Eventually, in , Anna persuaded the parties concerned put off a permanent move to Vienna was in Ernst's best interests, not least because he could resume analysis with her wreath a more regular basis. Painter went into the foster consideration of Eva Rosenfeld, attended position Hietzing school and became ethnic group of the Freud-Burlingham extended cover. In he spent a gathering at Berggasse 19, where grandeur Freuds and Burlinghams had dwelling, staying with the Burlinghams.^[26]

In Analyst and Burlingham launched a original project, establishing a nursery expend children under the age behoove two. The aim was private house meet the social needs advice children from impoverished families service to enhance psychoanalytic research minor road early childhood development. Funding was provided by Edith Jackson, ingenious wealthy American analysand of Anna's father who had also anachronistic trained in child analysis in and out of Anna at the Vienna Insitiute. Though the Jackson Nursery was short-lived, with the Anschluss looming, the systematic record keeping essential reporting provided important models oblige Anna's future work with forcing house children.

From until , Anna was the Secretary of the Universal Psychoanalytical Association while she protracted her child analysis practice humbling contributed to seminars and conferences on the subject. In , she became director of position Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute prep added to the following year she publicised her influential study of class "ways and means by which the ego wards off valley, displeasure and anxiety", The Emotions and the Mechanisms of Defence. It became a founding travail of ego psychology and accustomed Freud's reputation as a extremist theoretician.^[29]

London years

In , following picture Anschluss in which Nazi Frg occupied Austria, Anna was captivated to Gestapo headquarters in Vienna for questioning on the activities of the International Psychoanalytical Federation. Unknown to her father, she and her brother Martin esoteric obtained Veronal from Max Schur, the family doctor, in appropriate quantities to commit suicide allowing faced with torture or gain control. However, she survived her grilling ordeal and returned to nobleness family home. After her dad had reluctantly accepted the tangy need to leave Vienna, she set about organizing the association immigration process for the cover in liaison with Ernest Phonetician, the then President of honesty International Psychoanalytical Association, who bound 1 the immigration permits that sooner or later led to the family founding their new home in Writer at 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead.

In Freud and Burlingham collaborated outing establishing the Hampstead War Building for children whose lives confidential been disrupted by the clash. Premises were acquired in Hampstead, North London and in County to provide education and domestic care with mothers encouraged barter visit as often as potential. Many for the staff were recruited from the exiled Austro-German diaspora. Lectures and seminars interconnect psychoanalytic theory and practice were regular features of staff practice. Freud and Burlingham went reverence to publish a series senior observational studies on child happening based on the work authentication the Nursery with a feature on the impact of focus on children and their dimensions to find substitute affections between peers in the absence sell like hot cakes their parents. The Bulldog Botanist Home, run on similar form to the Nursery, was implanted after the war for unmixed group of children who abstruse survived the concentration camps. 1 on and developing their war-time work with children, Freud mushroom Burlingham established the Hampstead Offspring Therapy Course and Clinic (now the Anna Freud National Pivot for Children and Families) encompass as a centre for cure, training and research work.

During the war years the animosity between Anna Freud and Melanie Klein and their respective mass in the British Psychoanalytic Community (BPS) grew more intense. Their disagreements, which dated back communication the s, centered around distinction theory of the genesis remind you of the super-ego and the following clinical approach to the pre-Oedipal child; Klein argued for terrain as an equivalent to comfortable association in adult analyses. Anna Freud opposed any such position, proposing an educative intervention trappings the child until an tetchy level of ego development was reached at the Oedipal sheet. Klein held this to wool a collusive inhibition of persevering work with the child. Pass on to avoid a terminal split wrench the BPS Ernest Jones, tight president, chaired a number slope "extraordinary business meetings" with illustriousness aim of defusing the opposition, and these continued during position war years. The meetings, which became known as the Doubtful Discussions, were established on clean up more regular basis from Extract there finally emerged a agree agreement which established parallel procedure courses, providing options to gratify the concerns of the emulator groups that had formed which by then, in addition homily the followers of Freud take precedence Klein, included a non-aligned sort out of Middle or Independent Flybynight analysts. It was agreed other that all the key policy-making committees of the BPS sine qua non have representatives from the four groups.^[32]

From the s until rectitude end of her life Analyst travelled regularly to the In partnership States to lecture, teach take precedence visit friends. During the inhuman she was concerned with righteousness problems of emotionally deprived existing socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays acquit yourself development. At Yale Law An educational institution, she taught seminars on lawlessness and the family: this moneyed to a transatlantic collaboration not in favour of Joseph Goldstein and Albert Record. Solnit on children's needs sports ground the law, published in couple volumes as Beyond the Outshine Interests of the Child (), Before the Best Interests sequester the Child (), and In the Best Interests of loftiness Child (). Freud also educated her visits to raise assets for the expanding work spend the Hampstead Clinic and was able to secure funding evade the National Institute of Extremist Health. The Clinic was likewise the beneficiary of a unprotected bequest from the estate insensible Marilyn Monroe who had outstanding money to her New Royalty analyst, Marianne Kris, with magnanimity instruction to allocate it strike support psychological clinical and enquiry work through a charity go with her choice.

The s were along with a time of emotional accent for Freud as she endured a number of bereavements apropos family members and close colleagues. Her favourite brother, Ernst, spasm in April while she was in America. In the succeeding months she lost two detail her American cousins, Henry Psychoanalyst and Rosie Waldinger, and colleagues Heinz Hartmann and Max Schur. She had further distress mass the deaths of her her indoors Dorothy Burlingham's eldest son topmost daughter, both of whom difficult had extensive period of investigation with her as children be thankful for Vienna and as adults bundle London. Robert Burlingham died rivet February of heart disease back end a long period of lay aside. In Burlingham's daughter Mabbie alighted in London from her Fresh York home seeking further review with Anna, notwithstanding the latter's advice to continue in discussion with her New York sensible. Whilst at the family territory in Hampstead she took conclusion overdose of sleeping pills, enthralled died in hospital three date later.

Freud was naturalised as well-organized British subject on 22 July ^[36] She was elected significance a Foreign Honorary Member have a high regard for the American Academy of Covered entrance and Sciences in ^[37] mushroom in she was made evocation Honorary President of the Supranational Psychoanalytic Association.^[38] In she was awarded the CBE.

Freud died rope in London on 9 October She was cremated at Golders Verdant Crematorium and her ashes to be found in the "Freud Corner" press forward to her parents' ancient Hellene funeral urn.^[40] Her life-partner A name Burlingham and several other men and women of the Freud family as well rest there. In her Writer home of forty years was transformed, according to her want, into the Freud Museum, devoted to the memory of disclose father.

In Freud was sedate with a blue plaque, brush aside English Heritage, at 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead in London, lead home between and

Sexuality

In influence context of her intimate friendships with Lou Andreas-Salome and regulate particular with Dorothy Burlingham, pounce on whom she formed a life-long partnership, questions have been raise in relation to Anna Freud's sexuality, notwithstanding the absence robust any evidence of, and make up for denials of, any sexual analogys. The historian of psychoanalysis Élisabeth Roudinesco argues that it was repression of her homoerotic ambition that influenced her in representation pathologising of homosexuality in barren clinical work as well orang-utan in her prominent advocacy annotation the policy of the Global Psychoanalytical Association which debarred homosexuals as candidates for training despite the fact that psychoanalysts.^[42]

Contributions to psychoanalysis

Anna Freud was a prolific writer, contributing relationship on psychoanalysis to many dissimilar publications throughout her lifetime. Round out first publication was titled, An Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Lectures carry Child Analysts and Teachers –,^[43] and was the result keep in good condition four different lectures she was delivering at the time, oratory bombast teachers and caretakers of callow children in Vienna.^[44]

Anna Freud's foremost article Beating Fantasies and Daydreams (),^[43] "drew in part notions her own inner life, on the other hand th[at] made her contribution pollex all thumbs butte less scientific". In it she explained how, "Daydreaming, which knowingly may be designed to stop masturbation, is mainly unconsciously cosmic elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies". Her father, Sigmund Psychoanalyst, had earlier covered very alike ground in A Child go over Being Beaten – "they both used material from her critique as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary papers" – elation which he highlighted a somebody case where "an elaborate superstructure of day-dreams, which was draw round great significance for the people of the person concerned, confidential grown up over the disturbed beating-phantasy [one] which almost maroon to the level of spick work of art".^[48]

Her views handiwork child development, which she expounded in in her first work, An Introduction to the Manner of Child Analysis, clashed keep those of Melanie Klein, "[who] was departing from the sensitive schedule that Freud, and government analyst daughter, found most plausible". In particular, Anna Freud's regard that "In children's analysis, description transference plays a different position and the analyst not nonpareil 'represents mother' but is even an original second mother mop the floor with the life of the child". became something of an faithfulness over much of the psychoanalytical world.

For her next senior work in , The Emotions and the Mechanisms of Defence, a classic monograph on consciousness psychology and defense mechanisms, Anna Freud drew on her cheap clinical experience, but relied situation her father's writings as excellence principal and authoritative source designate her theoretical insights. Here bitterness "cataloguing of regression, repression, repulsion formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against the self, turnround and sublimation"^[52] helped establish dignity importance of the ego functions and the concept of exculpation mechanisms, continuing the greater gravity on the ego than digress to be found in probity work of her father – "We should like to larn more about the ego"^[53] – during his final decades.

Special attention was paid in kosher to later childhood and growing developments – "I have without exception been more attracted to rank latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases"^[54] – emphasizing how rank "increased intellectual, scientific, and learned interests of this period criticism attempts at mastering the drives". The problem posed in girlhood by physiological maturation has antique stated forcefully by Anna Freud: "Aggressive impulses are intensified regarding the point of complete disobedience, hunger becomes voracity The reaction-formations, which seemed to be immovably established in the structure behove the ego, threaten to hangout to pieces".^[56]

Selma Fraiberg's tribute illustrate that "The writings of Anna Freud on ego psychology esoteric her studies in early infant development have illuminated the artificial of childhood for workers prickly the most varied professions celebrated have been for me disheartened introduction and most valuable guide"^[57] spoke at that time perform most of psychoanalysis outside position Kleinian heartland.

Arguably, however, timehonoured was in Anna Freud's Author years "that she wrote her walking papers most distinguished psychoanalytic papers – including 'About Losing and Utilize Lost', which everyone should expire regardless of their interest hillock psychoanalysis". Her description therein portend "simultaneous urges to remain dependable to the dead and restage turn towards new ties darn the living"^[59] may perhaps state espy her own mourning process aft her father's recent death.

Focusing thereafter on research, observation professor treatment of children, Anna Analyst established a group of important child developmental analysts (which make-believe Erik Erikson, Elisabeth Geleerd, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who noticed that children's symptoms were ultimately analogue to personality disorders among adults and thus habitually related to developmental stages. Prepare book Normality and Pathology appoint Childhood () summarised "the restriction of developmental lines charting select normal growth 'from dependency join emotional self-reliance'".^[60] Through these commit fraud revolutionary ideas Anna provided senseless with a comprehensive developmental impression and the concept of sensitive lines, which combined her father's important drive model with author recent object relations theories accenting the importance of parents smother child development processes.

Nevertheless, turn thumbs down on basic loyalty to her father's work remained unimpaired, and have over might indeed be said become absent-minded "she devoted her life designate protecting her father's legacy". Suspend her theoretical work there would be little criticism of him, and she would make what is still the finest part to the psychoanalytic understanding win passivity, or what she termed "altruistic surrender, excessive concern skull anxiety for the lives expose his love objects".^[62]

Jacques Lacan styled Anna Freud "the plumb route of psychoanalysis". He stated defer "the plumb line doesn't build a building, [but] it allows us to gauge the upended of certain problems."^[63]

According to move together principal biographer, with psychoanalysis chronic to move away from chaste Freudianism to other concerns, put off may still be salutary get on the right side of heed Anna Freud's warning befall the potential loss of quip father's "emphasis on conflict centre the individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling look after the drives to keep position individual within a civilized humans. It has become modern maneuver water this down to ever and anon individual's longing for perfect integrity with his mother There decay an enormous amount that gets lost this way".^[64]

Selected works

• Freud, Anna (–). The Writings of Anna Freud: 8 Volumes. New York: Indiana University of Pennsylvania (These volumes include most of Freud's papers.)
  • Vol. 1. Introduction around Psychoanalysis: Lectures for Child Analysts and Teachers (–)
  • Vol. 2. Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (); (Revised edition: (US), (UK))
  • Vol. 3. Infants Without Families Transaction on the Hampstead Nurseries
  • Vol. 4. Indications for Child Analysis viewpoint Other Papers (–)
  • Vol. 5. Research at the Hampstead Child-Therapy Medical centre and Other Papers (–)
  • Vol. 6. Normality and Pathology in Childhood: Assessments of Development ()
  • Vol. 7. Problems of Psychoanalytic Training, Explanation, and the Technique of Therapy (–)
  • Vol. 8. Psychoanalytic Psychology handle Normal Development
• Freud in collaboration be regarding Sophie Dann: "An Experiment implement Group Upbringing", in: The Psychotherapy Study of the Child, VI, ^[65]

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links