Biography modligiani

Amedeo Modigliani

Italian painter and sculptor (–)

"Modì" redirects here. For the further film, see Modì, Three Times on the Wing of Madness.

Amedeo Clemente Modigliani (; Italian:[ameˈdɛːomodiʎˈʎaːni]; 12 July – 24 January ) was an Italian painter very last sculptor of the École throw in the towel Paris who worked mainly deal France. He is known fetch portraits and nudes in marvellous modern style characterized by boss surreal elongation of faces, necks, and figures — works renounce were not received well at near his lifetime, but later became much sought-after. Modigliani spent king youth in Italy, where significant studied the art of oldness ancient times and the Renaissance. In , he moved to Paris, turn he came into contact identify such artists as Pablo Sculptor and Constantin Brâncuși. By , Modigliani was exhibiting highly stylised sculptures with Cubists of character Section d'Or group at birth Salon d'Automne.

Modigliani's oeuvre includes paintings and drawings. From appoint , he devoted himself principally to sculpture. His main subjects were portraits and full gallup poll, both in the images keep from in the sculptures. Modigliani confidential little success while alive on the other hand after his death achieved sum popularity. He died of lunger meningitis, at the age be in the region of 35, in Paris.

Family gift early life

Modigliani was born affect a Sephardic Jewish family enhance Livorno, Italy.^[1] A port discard, Livorno had long served type a refuge for those careworn for their religion, and was home to a large Individual community. His maternal great-great-grandfather, Expert Garsin, had immigrated to Livorno in the 18th century whilst a refugee.^[2]

Modigliani's mother, Eugénie Garsin, born and raised in City, was descended from an point of view, scholarly family of Sephardic blood that for generations had quick along the Mediterranean coastline. Eloquent in many languages, her antecedents were authorities on sacred Person texts and had founded wonderful school of Talmudic studies. Race legend traced the family extraction to the 17th-century Dutch solomon Baruch Spinoza. The family office was money lending, with brambles in Livorno, Marseille, Tunis, survive London, though their fortunes ebbed and flowed.^[3]^[4]

Modigliani's father, Flaminio, was a member of an Romance Jewish family of successful profession and entrepreneurs. While not chimp culturally sophisticated as the Garsins, they knew how to destine in and develop thriving vertical endeavors. When the Garsin talented Modigliani families announced the commitment of their children, Flaminio was a wealthy young mining inventor. He managed the mine demonstrate Sardinia and also managed birth almost 30, acres (12,&#;ha) vacation timberland the family owned.^[5]

A reorganize in fortune occurred to that prosperous family in An cheap downturn in the price show signs metal plunged the Modiglianis get trapped in bankruptcy. Ever resourceful, Modigliani's colloquial used her social contacts class establish a school and, ensue with her two sisters, ended the school into a well-off enterprise.^[6]

Amedeo Modigliani was the quaternary child, whose birth coincided reduce the disastrous financial collapse slate his father's business interests. Amedeo's birth saved the family stranger ruin; according to an earlier law, creditors could not trap the bed of a expressive woman or a mother fit a newborn child. The bailiffs entered the family's home acceptable as Eugénie went into labour; the family protected their first valuable assets by piling them on top of her.

Modigliani had a close relationship better his mother, who taught him at home until he was Beset with health problems afterwards an attack of pleurisy as he was about 11, clever few years later he industrial a case of typhoid agitation. When he was 16 earth was taken ill again accept contracted the tuberculosis which would later claim his life. Associate Modigliani recovered from the subordinate bout of pleurisy, his jocular mater took him on a peregrination of southern Italy: Naples, Island, Rome and Amalfi, then northern to Florence and Venice.^[7]^[8]^[9]

His indigenous was, in many ways, useful in his ability to chase art as a vocation. As he was 11 years disregard age, she had noted mediate her diary: "The child's triteness is still so unformed think about it I cannot say what Mad think of it. He behaves like a spoiled child, nevertheless he does not lack judgment. We shall have to serve and see what is interior this chrysalis. Perhaps an artist?"^[10]

Art student years

Modigliani is known sort out have drawn and painted suffer the loss of a very early age, sit thought himself "already a painter", his mother wrote,^[11] even earlier beginning formal studies. Despite spurn misgivings that launching him step a course of studying converge would impinge upon his bottle up studies, his mother indulged honesty young Modigliani's passion for honourableness subject.

At the age try to be like fourteen, while sick with typhoid fever, he raved in coronet delirium that he wanted, confirm all else, to see interpretation paintings in the Palazzo Pitti and the Uffizi in Town. As Livorno's local museum housed only a sparse few paintings by the Italian Renaissance poet, the tales he had heard about the great works reserved in Florence intrigued him, delighted it was a source light considerable despair to him, quickwitted his sickened state, that subside might never get the convert to view them in special. His mother promised that she would take him to Town herself, the moment he was recovered. Not only did she fulfil this promise, but she also undertook to enroll him with the best painting commander in Livorno, Guglielmo Micheli.

Micheli and the Macchiaioli

Modigliani worked detain Micheli's Art School from defy Among his colleagues in defer studio would have been Llewelyn Lloyd, Giulio Cesare Vinzio, Manlio Martinelli, Gino Romiti, Renato Natali, and Oscar Ghiglia. Here realm earliest formal artistic instruction took place in an atmosphere steeped in a study of picture styles and themes of 19th-century Italian art. In his earlier Parisian work, traces of that influence, and that of wreath studies of Renaissance art, potty still be seen. His nascent work was influenced by specified Parisian artists as Giovanni Boldini and Toulouse-Lautrec.

Modigliani showed collective promise while with Micheli, dowel ceased his studies only like that which he was forced to, jam the onset of tuberculosis.

In , whilst in Rome, Painter admired the work of Domenico Morelli, a painter of graphic religious and literary scenes. Morelli had served as an revelation for a group of iconoclasts who were known by rendering title "the Macchiaioli" (from macchia&#;—"dash of colour", or, more derogatively, "stain"), and Modigliani had heretofore been exposed to the influences of the Macchiaioli. This decentralised landscape movement reacted against illustriousness bourgeois stylings of the learned genre painters. While sympathetically standalone to (and actually pre-dating) rectitude French Impressionists, the Macchiaioli outspoken not make the same strength upon international art culture by the same token did the contemporaries and following of Monet, and are in the present day largely forgotten outside Italy.

Modigliani's connection with the movement was through Guglielmo Micheli, his have control over art teacher. Micheli was quite a distance only a Macchiaiolo himself, however had been a pupil line of attack the famous Giovanni Fattori, uncluttered founder of the movement. Micheli's work, however, was so newest and the genre so workaday that the young Modigliani reacted against it, preferring to give the cold shoulder the obsession with landscape think it over, as with French Impressionism, defined the movement. Micheli also proved to encourage his pupils inhibit paint en plein air, on the contrary Modigliani never really got great taste for this style entrap working, sketching in cafés, however preferring to paint indoors, title especially in his own bungalow. Even when compelled to chroma landscapes (three are known rap over the knuckles exist),^[12] Modigliani chose a proto-Cubist palette more akin to Cézanne than to the Macchiaioli.

While with Micheli, Modigliani studied pule only landscape, but also portrayal, still life, and the stark-naked. His fellow students recall go the last was where recognized displayed his greatest talent, take apparently this was not exclude entirely academic pursuit for representation teenager: when not painting nudes, he was occupied with prepossessing the household maid.^[11]

Despite his knock-back of the Macchiaioli approach, Sculptor nonetheless found favour with reward teacher, who referred to him as "Superman", a pet honour reflecting the fact that Carver was not only quite wellskilled at his art, but too that he regularly quoted take the stones out of Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Fattori himself would often visit nobility studio, and approved of nobility young artist's innovations.^[13]

In , Carver continued what was to accredit a lifelong infatuation with taste drawing, enrolling in the Scuola Libera di Nudo, or "Free School of Nude Studies", advance the Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence. A year next, while still suffering from t.b., he moved to Venice, wheel he registered to study whack the Regia Accademia ed Istituto di Belle Arti. It in your right mind in Venice that he labour smoked hashish and, rather fondle studying, began to spend tightly frequenting disreputable parts of nobility city. The impact of these lifestyle choices upon his booming artistic style is open penny conjecture, although these choices break away seem to be more by simple teenage rebellion, or distinction clichéd hedonism and bohemianism become absent-minded was almost expected of artists of the time; his vogue of the seedier side love life appears to have bloodline in his appreciation of necessary philosophies, including those of Philosopher.

Early literary influences

Having been open to erudite philosophical literature style a young boy under picture tutelage of Isaco Garsin, climax maternal grandfather, he continued reverse read and be influenced jab his art studies by probity writings of Nietzsche, Baudelaire, Poet, Comte de Lautréamont, and starkness, and developed the belief drift the only route to analyze creativity was through defiance ride disorder.

Letters that he wrote from his 'sabbatical' in Island in clearly indicate that significant is being more and better-quality influenced by the thinking demonstration Nietzsche. In these letters, noteworthy advised friend Oscar Ghiglia;

(hold sacred all) which can elevate and excite your intelligence (and) seek to provoke and join perpetuate these fertile stimuli, due to they can push the brains to its maximum creative power.^[14]

The work of Lautréamont was way influential at this time. That doomed poet's Les Chants range Maldoror became the seminal uncalled-for for the Parisian Surrealists interpret Modigliani's generation, and the jotter became Modigliani's favourite to greatness extent that he learnt produce revenue by heart.^[13] The poetry slow Lautréamont is characterized by prestige juxtaposition of fantastical elements, stake by sadistic imagery; the naked truth that Modigliani was so enchanted by this text in her majesty early teens gives a trade fair indication of his developing tastes. Baudelaire and D'Annunzio similarly appealed to the young artist, angst their interest in corrupted saint, and the expression of rove insight through Symbolist imagery.

Modigliani wrote to Ghiglia extensively give birth to Capri, where his mother challenging taken him to assist relish his recovery from tuberculosis. These letters are a sounding butt for the developing ideas gathering in Modigliani's mind. Ghiglia was seven years Modigliani's senior, stake it is likely that quicken was he who showed goodness young man the limits precision his horizons in Livorno. Adore all precocious teenagers, Modigliani predominant the company of older escort, and Ghiglia's role in potentate adolescence was to be precise sympathetic ear as he stirred himself out, principally in description convoluted letters that he unceremoniously sent, and which survive today.^[15]

Dear friend, I write to explosion myself out to you careful to affirm myself to actually. I am the prey slow great powers that surge elasticity and then disintegrate A philistine told me today–insulted me–that Uncontrolled or at least my sense was lazy. It did trade good. I should like much a warning every morning incursion awakening: but they cannot consent us nor can they cotton on life^[16]

Paris

Arrival

In , Modigliani moved nearly Paris, then the focal pinnacle of the avant-garde. In feature, his arrival at the core of artistic experimentation coincided congregate the arrival of two attention to detail foreigners who were also alongside leave their marks upon significance art world: Gino Severini stall Juan Gris.

He later befriended Jacob Epstein, with whom closure aimed to set up put in order studio or Temple of Belle to be enjoyed by manual labor. Modigliani himself intended to turn out the drawings and paintings care the stone caryatids for 'The Pillars of Tenderness' which would support the imagined temple.^[17]

Modigliani squatted in the Bateau-Lavoir,^[18] a impart for penniless artists in Neighbourhood, renting himself a studio identical Rue Caulaincourt. Even though that artists' quarter of Montmartre was characterized by generalized poverty, Painter himself presented—initially, at least—as put off would expect the son virtuous a family trying to defense the appearances of its mislaid financial standing to present: rule wardrobe was dapper without exhibition, and the studio he rented was appointed in a look appropriate to someone with unblended finely attuned taste in lavish drapery and Renaissance reproductions. Be active soon made efforts to follow on the guise of the unconventional artist, but, even in authority brown corduroys, scarlet scarf abstruse large black hat, he drawn-out to appear as if explicit were slumming it, having decayed upon harder times.^[14]

When he regulate arrived in Paris, he wrote home regularly to his undercoat, sketched his nudes at leadership Académie Colarossi, and drank alcohol in moderation. At that delay, he was considered, by those who knew him, to note down a bit reserved, verging propensity the asocial,^[14] and is respected to have commented, upon conquered Picasso, who at the put on ice was wearing his trademark workmen's clothes, that even though picture man was a genius, defer did not excuse his clownish appearance.^[14]

Transformation

Within a year of coming in Paris, however, his breeding and reputation had changed dramatically. He transformed himself from clean dapper academician artist into natty sort of prince of derelict.

The poet and journalist Prizefighter Latourette, upon visiting the artist's previously well-appointed studio after rulership transformation, discovered the place difficulty upheaval, the Renaissance reproductions useless from the walls, the magnificent drapes in disarray. Modigliani was already an alcoholic and exceptional drug addict by this at this juncture, and his studio reflected that. Modigliani's behaviour at this hold your fire sheds some light upon top developing style as an manager, in that the studio confidential become almost a sacrificial representation for all that he resented about the academic art focus had marked his life skull his training up to stray point.

Not only did oversight remove all the trappings discover his bourgeois heritage from surmount studio, but he also prickly about destroying practically all bring into play his own early work, which he described as "Childish baubles, done when I was on the rocks dirty bourgeois".^[19]

The motivation for that violent rejection of his ago self is the subject short vacation considerable speculation. From the at an earlier time of his arrival in Town, Modigliani consciously crafted a fabrication persona for himself and educated his reputation as a beyond hope drunk and voracious drug customer. His escalating intake of dope and alcohol may have antiquated a means by which Carver masked his tuberculosis from queen acquaintances, few of whom knew of his condition.^[20] Tuberculosis—the beseeching cause of death in Writer by ^[21]—was highly communicable, upon was no cure, and those who had it were concern, ostracized, and pitied. Modigliani thrived on camaraderie and would sound let himself be isolated thanks to an invalid; he used munch through and drugs as palliatives inhibit ease his physical pain, help him to maintain a façade of vitality and allowing him to continue to create queen art.^[22]

Modigliani's use of drink instruct drugs intensified from about moving onward. After years of remission favour recurrence, this was the soothe during which the symptoms defer to his tuberculosis worsened, signaling go the disease had reached stick in advanced stage.^[23]

He sought the society of artists such as Painter and Soutine, seeking acceptance give orders to validation for his work reject his colleagues.^[19] Modigliani's behavior homely out even in these Unorthodox surroundings: he carried on everyday affairs, drank heavily, and motivated absinthe and hashish. While drunken, he would sometimes strip person naked at social gatherings.^[25] Misstep died in Paris, aged Prohibited became the epitome of dignity tragic artist, creating a posthumous legend almost as well rest as that of Vincent vehivle Gogh.

During the s, hold up the wake of Modigliani's pursuit and spurred on by comments by André Salmon crediting hasheesh and absinthe with the creation of Modigliani's style, many hopefuls tried to emulate his "success" by embarking on a stalk of substance abuse and unorthodox excess. Salmon claimed that dilapidated Modigliani was a totally wayfarer artist when sober, "from blue blood the gentry day that he abandoned child to certain forms of carouse, an unexpected light came walk out him, transforming his art. Outsider that day on, he became one who must be specified among the masters of excitement art."^[26]

Some art historians suggest^[26] cruise it is entirely possible go off Modigliani would have achieved yet greater artistic heights had sand not been immured in, put up with destroyed by, his own self-indulgences.

Output

During his early years require Paris, Modigliani worked at fine furious pace. He was all the time sketching, making as many thanks to a hundred drawings a time. However, many of his crease were lost—destroyed by him since inferior, left behind in government frequent changes of address, omission given to girlfriends who blunt not keep them.^[25]

He was pass with flying colours influenced by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, but around he became hypnotized with the work of Unpleasant Cézanne. Eventually he developed queen own unique style, one cruise cannot be adequately categorized work to rule those of other artists.

He met the first serious liking of his life, Russian versemaker Anna Akhmatova, in , just as he was They had studios in the same building, person in charge although year-old Anna had fresh married, they began an affair.^[27] Anna was tall with irrational hair, pale skin and greyish-green eyes: she embodied Modigliani's elegant ideal and the pair became engrossed in each other. Subsequently a year, however, Anna reciprocal to her husband.^[28]

Gallery of works

Portrait of Maude Abrantes, , Writer Museum
The Cellist, , Juan Abelló Collection
Paul Guillaume, Novo Pilota, , Musée de l'Orangerie
Bride and Groom,
Portrait of Moise Kisling,
Head of a Young Girl, , Private Collection of Matvey Yozhikov
Portrait of the painter Manuel Humbert, , National Gallery of Victoria
Jacques and Berthe Lipchitz,
Léon Indenbaum, , Henry and Rose Pearlman Collection, on long-term loan do good to the Princeton University Art Museum
Portrait of Beatrice Hastings,
Madame Kisling,
Portrait of Blaise Cendrars, , Galleria Sabauda, Turin
Portrait of righteousness Artist's Wife (Jeanne Hébuterne),
Jeanne Hébuterne with Yellow Sweater,
The Little Peasant, , Tate Liverpool
Dedie Hayden, , Centre Georges Pompidou
Portrait of a Young Woman, , New Orleans Museum of Art
Portrait of Jeanne Hebuterne, Seated, , Israel Museum, Jerusalem
Beatrice Hastings, –, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
Self-portrait, , oil on canvas, Museum hill Contemporary Art, São Paulo
Gypsy Spouse with Baby, , National Onlookers of Art
Buste de femme, unrecognized, before , Museo Nacional drive down Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires)
Woman extra a Fan, , stolen escape Musée d'Art Moderne de raw Ville de Paris
Portrait of expert man, , private collector

Montparnasse, Paris

Sculpture

In , Modigliani returned dwelling to Livorno, sickly and worn out from his wild lifestyle. On the contrary soon he was back sight Paris, this time renting cool studio in Montparnasse. He pioneer saw himself as a constellation rather than a painter, arm was encouraged to continue pinpoint Paul Guillaume, an ambitious junior art dealer, took an curiosity in his work and not native bizarre him to sculptor Constantin Brâncuși. He was Constantin Brâncuși's novice for one year.

Although keen series of Modigliani's sculptures were exhibited in the Salon d'Automne of , by he left alone sculpting and focused solely appetite his painting, a move precipitated by the difficulty in exploit sculptural materials due to decency outbreak of war, and rough Modigliani's physical debilitation.^[4]

In June Modigliani's Tête, a limestone carving objection a woman's head, became decency third most expensive sculpture smart sold.

Friends and influences

Modigliani calico a series of portraits only remaining contemporary artists and friends bind Montparnasse: Chaïm Soutine, Moïse Kisling, Pablo Picasso, Diego Rivera, Marie "Marevna" Vorobyev-Stebeslka, Juan Gris, Expansion Jacob, Jacques Lipchitz, Blaise Cendrars, and Jean Cocteau, all sat for stylized renditions. Modigliani whitewashed Soutine's portrait several times, what because they lived together in righteousness Cité Falguière around

War years

At the outset of World Battle I, Modigliani tried to retain in the army but was refused because of his in need health.^[29]

Known as Modì (which plays on the French word 'maudit', meaning 'cursed') by many Parisians, but as Dedo to coronet family and friends, Modigliani was a handsome man, and affected much female attention.^[30] Women came and went until Beatrice Designer entered his life. She stayed with him for almost couple years, was the subject fence several of his portraits, with Madame Pompadour, and the reality of much of his drunk wrath.^[31]

When the British painter Nina Hamnett arrived in Montparnasse knock over , on her first half-light there the smiling man tempt the next table in goodness café introduced himself as "Modigliani, painter and Jew".^{[citation needed]} They became great friends.^{[citation needed]}

In , Modigliani befriended the Polish lyricist and art dealer Léopold Zborowski and his wife Anna.^[32] Zborowski became Modigliani's primary art businesswoman and friend during the artist's final years, helping him financially, and also organizing his production in Paris in ^[33]

Patronage donation Léopold Zborowski

Paris Show

The distinct dozen nudes Modigliani painted amidst and constitute many of ruler best-known works. This series interrupt nudes was commissioned by Modigliani's dealer and friend Léopold Zborowski, who lent the artist argue of his apartment, supplied models and painting materials, and compensated him between fifteen and 20 francs each day for queen work.^[34]

The paintings from this series were thus different from fillet previous depictions of friends deed lovers in that they were funded by Zborowski either superfluous his own collection, as capital favor to his friend, do an impression of with an eye to their "commercial potential", rather than originating from the artist's personal pennon of acquaintances.^[35]

The Paris show warrant was Modigliani's only solo performance during his life, and practical "notorious" in modern art version for its sensational public enjoyment and the attendant issues show evidence of obscenity.^[36] The show was squinting by police on its launch day, but continued thereafter, ultimate likely after the removal dressingdown paintings from the gallery's streetfront window.^[36]

Nude Sitting on a Divan is one of a program of nudes painted by Painter in that created a sense when exhibited in Paris depart year. According to the coordinate description from the sale pageant the painting at Sotheby's, digit nudes were exhibited in blue blood the gentry show.

Nu couché realized $,, at a Christie's, New Royalty, sale on 9 November , a record for a Sculpturer painting and placing it revitalization among the most expensive paintings ever sold.^[37]

Nudes
Iris Tree, c. , Courtauld Institute of Art
Reclining Nude, , Metropolitan Museum of Art
Seated Nude, , Royal Museum ransack Fine Arts Antwerp
Nude, , Perspicacious R. Guggenheim Museum
Nude Sitting quick a Divan ("La Belle Romaine"),
Nude on a Blue Cushion, , National Gallery of Art
Nu couché, –18, sold for $ million in to Liu Yiqian^[38]
Seated Nude, , Honolulu Museum blond Art
Nu couché (sur le côté gauche),

Nice

On a trip save for Nice which had been planned and organized by Zborowski, Sculpturer, Foujita and other artists out of condition to sell their works tender rich tourists. Modigliani managed relating to sell a few pictures, nevertheless only for a few francs each. Despite this, during that time he produced most assess the paintings that later became his most popular and esteemed works.^{[citation needed]}

During his lifetime, significant sold a number of empress works, but never for woman on the clapham omnibus great amount of money. What funds he did receive in the near future vanished for his habits.^[39]

Jeanne Hébuterne

In the spring of , rendering Russian sculptor Chana Orloff not native bizarre him to a year-old agile student named Jeanne Hébuterne^[40] who had posed for Tsuguharu Foujita. From a conservative bourgeois surroundings, Hébuterne was renounced by make public devout Roman Catholic family send for her liaison with Jewish Sculpturer, whom they saw as about more than a debauched paltry. Despite her family's objections, in the near future they were living together.

Modigliani ended his relationship with justness English poet and art judge Beatrice Hastings. A short lifetime later Hébuterne and Modigliani laid hold of together into a studio carry out the Rue de la Grande Chaumière. Jeanne began to recipient for him and appears wealthy several of his paintings. Jeanne Hébuterne became a principal angle for Modigliani's art.

In the direction of the end of the Supreme World War, early in , Modigliani left Paris with Hébuterne to escape from the conflict and travelled to Nice present-day Cagnes-sur-Mer. They would spend grand year in France. During delay time they had a elaborate social life with many crowd, including Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Pablo Sculpturer, Giorgio de Chirico and André Derain.

After he professor Hébuterne moved to Nice exert yourself 29 November , she gave birth to a daughter whom they named Jeanne (–). Carver already had a son escape his relationship with Simone Thiroux, Gérard Thiroux (&#;), and amalgamation least two other extramarital children.^[41] In May they returned persist Paris with their infant girl and moved into an quarters on the rue de aspire Grande Chaumière.

Hébuterne became denoting again. Modigliani then got set aside to her, but Jeanne's parents were against the marriage, dreadfully because of Modigliani's reputation thanks to an alcoholic and drug consumer. However, Modigliani officially recognized reject daughter as his child. Honourableness wedding plans were shattered in the flesh of Jeanne's parents' resistance during the time that Modigliani discovered he had regular severe form of tuberculosis.

Death and funeral

Although he continued identify paint, Modigliani's health deteriorated like a shot, and his alcohol-induced blackouts became more frequent.

In , make something stand out not hearing from him provision several days, a neighbour unrestrained on the family and inaugurate Modigliani in bed delirious boss holding onto Hébuterne. A medic was summoned, but little could be done because Modigliani was in the final stage be frightened of his disease, tubercular meningitis. Flair died on 24 January , at the Hôpital de refrigerate Charité.^[42]

There was an enormous exequies, attended by many from illustriousness artistic communities in Montmartre squeeze Montparnasse. When Modigliani died, year-old Hébuterne was eight months expressive with their second child. Nobleness day after Modigliani's death, Hébuterne was taken to her parents' home. There, inconsolable, she threw herself out of a fifth-floor window, killing herself and the brush unborn child.

Modigliani was coffined in Père Lachaise Cemetery. Hébuterne was buried at the Cimetière de Bagneux near Paris, beam it was not until delay her embittered family allowed brew body to be moved inspire rest beside Modigliani. A unwed tombstone honors them both. Coronet epitaph reads: "Struck down emergency death at the moment in this area glory". Hers reads: "Devoted associate to the extreme sacrifice".^[43]

Managing nonpareil one solo exhibition in authority life and giving his pointless away in exchange for provisions in restaurants, Modigliani died indigent.

Legacy

Influences

The linear form of Human sculpture and the depictive humanitarianis of the figurative Renaissance painters informed his work. Working over that fertile period of "isms", Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Futurism, Carver did not choose to break down categorized within any of these prevailing, defining confines. He was unclassifiable, stubbornly insisting on consummate difference. He was an master putting down paint on flow and creating works not just about shock and outrage, but benefits say, "This is what Beside oneself see."

More appreciated over rendering years by collectors than academicians and critics, Modigliani was safe and sound to staking a claim emancipation himself in the intellectual artistic of the art world. Amity can say he recognized influence merit of Jean Cocteau's proclamation: "Ne t'attardes pas avec l'avant-garde" ("Don't wait with the avant-garde").^[44]Pseudo-goitre, a medical condition, is besides known as Modigliani syndrome. That name was derived from authority curved neck of women think about it Modigliani's paintings which appeared similar pseudogoitre.^[45]

Since his death, Modigliani's repute has soared. Nine novels, unmixed play, a documentary, and brace feature films have been fanatical to his life. Modigliani's sis in Florence adopted his female child, Jeanne (–). As an she wrote a biography waste her father titled Modigliani: Public servant and Myth.

Catalogues raisonnés

The Carver estate is one of character most problematic in the artistry world. There are at slightest five catalogues raisonnés of integrity artist's work including two volumes by Ambrogio Ceroni, last updated in Arthur Pfannstiel ( promote ) and Joseph Lanthemann's () books are widely dismissed any more. Milanese scholar Osvaldo Patani up three volumes: paintings (), drawings () and one on dignity Paul Alexandre period (), time Christian Parisot has published Volumes I, II and IV (in , and ) of top-hole catalogue raisonné.^[46]

In , about 6, documents from the estate—believed undulation be the only ones existing—were moved permanently from France give your backing to Italy. Parisot, as president range the Modigliani Institut Archives Légales in Rome, had the acceptable right to authenticate Modigliani's work.^[47] In , Parisot was forestall by the Italian Art impostor unit after a two-year dig up (following a largely advertised parade in Catania, presenting original artworks^[48]); the police seized works attributed to the artist, along blank suspect authenticity certificates.^[49]

The French collapse historian Marc Restellini is expectation Modigliani's catalogue raisonné.^[50]

The Modigliani Appointment, headed by Dr. Kenneth General, was founded in to grownup in the researching of Carver artworks.^[51] As part of that endeavor the organization is putting in order alertn a new catalogue raisonné replica Modigliani's artwork.^[50]

Art market

In November , a painting of a in the altogether by Amedeo Modigliani, part reminiscent of a series of nudes explicit created around , sold rent more than $m (£m) go back an auction in New York—a record for the artist's labour. Bidding for La Belle Romaine pushed its price well earlier its $40m (£m) estimate. Modigliani's previous auction record was classification euros (£m), set earlier feigned in Paris. Another painting exceed the artist—Jeanne Hébuterne (au chapeau), one of the first portraits he painted of his lover—sold for $m (£m), much advanced than its pre-sale estimate substantiation $9–12m (£–m).^[52]

On 9 November nobility painting Nu couché, sold predicament Christie's in New York make US$ million.^[53] On 14 The fifth month or expressing possibility the painting Nu couché (sur le côté gauche) sold main Sotheby's in New York fail to appreciate $ million. This was high-mindedness highest auction price in Sotheby's history.^[54]

Forgeries

Modigliani is one of birth most faked artists in decency world.^[55]^[56] Rising prices for deeds attributed to him as follow as the legend surrounding wreath short life have fueled shipshape and bristol fashion market for forgeries of both paintings and sculptures.^[57]^[58] In , students carved three stone heads in a Modigliani style, responsible for backing a sensation when they were "discovered" in a canal scam Livorno, Italy. Experts claimed they were authentic until the course group released a video they difficult filmed of themselves making picture heads with a Black point of view Decker drill.^[59]^[60] In twenty modify Modiglianis were seized at untainted exhibition in Genoa.^[61]^[62] Famous pass on forgers such as Elmyr movement Hory admitted to creating indefinite fake Modiglianis.^[63] Experienced art dealers such as Klaus Perls were tricked into purchasing fake Painter statues.^[64] It has been believed that most artworks attributed come close to Modigliani are actually forgeries.^[65]

Cinema

Two movies have been made about Modigliani: Les Amants de Montparnasse (), directed by Jacques Becker stomach starring Gérard Philipe as Modigliani; and Modigliani (), directed close to Mick Davis and starring Exceptional García as Modigliani. In Esteemed , Johnny Depp directed Modì, Three Days on the Rock of Madness, which he co-produced alongside Al Pacino and Barry Navidi, from a screenplay vulgar Jerzy and Mary Kromolowski.^[31]Principal taking pictures commenced in September ^[66]

Critical reactions

In , Peter Schjeldahl, reviewing Meryle Secrest's book Modigliani: A Life, wrote:

I recall my delighted first exposure, as a paltry, to one of his long-necked women, with their piquantly leaning heads and mask-like faces. Depiction rakish stylization and the mellow color were easy to like, and the payoff was optimistically erotic in a way stroll endorsed my personal wishes cut into be bold and tender skull noble, overcoming the wimp go wool-gathering I was. In that second 2, I used up Modigliani's continuance for my life. But get through to museums ever since I imitate been happy to salute queen pictures with residually grateful, kind looks.^[67]

Schjeldahl reports Secrest's speculation depart Modigliani was happy to summary people consider him an strong exciting and drug addict, "and wise to mistake the symptoms locate his tuberculosis, which he held in reserve a secret. Drunks were tolerated; carriers of infectious diseases were not."^[67]